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Neuroscience > Chapter 1: External Anatomy Of The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 1: External Anatomy Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial processing
language understanding
somatosensation

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2
Q

Parietal lobe

Superior parietal lobule

A

Lesions in this region cause people to forget to dress part of their body ( contralateral limb) “unilateral body neglect”. Can also get lost easily, can’t draw and exhibit the inability to carry out purposeful movements (apraxia)

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3
Q

Parietal lobe

Inferior lobule

A

Wernickes area is located here and is needed to understand language
Damage to this area affects the ability to read

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4
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Cuneus and lingual gyri make up the primary visual cortex

Conscious vision occurs here and is processed in other areas

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5
Q

Forebrain Lesion Symptoms

A 
consciousness loss
memory loss
language understanding and production loss
personality changes
seizures
thinking/cognition deficits
vision deficits
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6
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

primary motor strip
well learned, voluntary movement
part of the frontal lobe

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7
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex
conscious awareness of touch
part of the parietal lobe

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8
Q

Superior parietal lobule

A

perceptual processing
lesion here can result in “unilateral body neglect”
-person fails to dress contralateral side of the body
body awareness and orientation in space

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9
Q

Inferior parietal lobule

A

Wernicke’s area is located here

  - understanding of language
  - damage to this area affects the ability to read
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10
Q

Cuneus and Lingual gyri

A

primary visual cortex
part of the occipital lobe
conscious vision occurs here BUT is processed in many other places

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11
Q

Cuneus gyrus

A

processes lower quadrant and opposite side of vision

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12
Q

Lingual gyrus

A

processes upper quadrant and opposite side of vision

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13
Q

Temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex= Heschl’s gyrus
most of visual perception and processing occurs here
contains the uncus, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and cingulate gyrus

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14
Q

Uncus

A

holds the amygdala

part of the temporal lobe

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15
Q

Amygdala

A

produces behaviors related to sex, thirst and hunger

part of the temporal lobe

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16
Q

Parahippocampal

A

contains the hippocampus
responsible for forming new, explicit memories, remembering events and learning facts
part of the temporal lobe

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17
Q

Insula

A 
part of the social brain
ANS regulation
vestibular processing
interpretation of pain and quality of touch
part of the temporal lobe
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18
Q

Limbic lobe

A 
Memory
Motivation
Olfaction
Visceral Function
Emotions
Social brain
                      part of the temporal lobe
                      found on the medial surface of hemisphere
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19
Q

borders of the limbic lobe

A

uncus, cinguate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and paraolfactory gyrus

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20
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
planning/thinking
voluntary movement
impulse control
personality
language production
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21
Q

Cranial Nerves

A 
I- olfactory nerve
II- optic nerve
III- oculomotor nerve
IV- trochlear nerve
V-trigeminal nerve
VI-abducens nerve
VII-facial nerve
VIII-vestibular, auditory nerve
IX-glossopharyngeal nerve
X-vagus nerve
XI-accesssory nerve
XII-hypoglossal nerve
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22
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects frontal, parietal and occipital lobes for communication

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23
Q

Forebrain

A

telencephalon + diencephalon

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24
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex + subcortical matter + basal ganglia

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25
Q

Diencephalon

A

hypothalamus + thalamus

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26
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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27
Q

Metencephalon

A

pons + cerebellum

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28
Q

Myencephalon

A

medulla

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29
Q

Hindbrain

A

pons + cerebellum + medulla

( metencephalon + myencephalon)

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30
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain + pons +medulla

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31
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance and eye movements

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32
Q

posterior commisure

A

how the right and left midbrain communicate

33
Q

Choroid plexus

A

secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

crus cerebri + tegmentum

35
Q

Tectum

A

posterior part of the midbrain

made up of the superior and inferior colliculi

36
Q

Superior colliculus

A

conscious vision pathway

37
Q

inferior colliculus

A

auditory pathway

38
Q

crus cerebri

A

takes info from all areas of the cerebral cortex and brings it everywhere else
major axonal highway

39
Q

Voluntary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus + premotor areas

found in the frontal lobe

40
Q

Which nerves help move your eye?

A

CN III, IV and VI ( oculomotor, trochlear and abducens)

41
Q

Infindibulum

A

connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

42
Q

CN II- optic nerve

A

conscious vision

43
Q

CN V- trigeminal nerve

A

somatosensation of the face

mastication

44
Q

CN VIII-vestibular, auditory nerve

A

vestibulocochlear
a tumor here can causing hearing loss and equilibrium problems or veritgo
located at the pons-medulla junction

45
Q

CN IX- glossopharyngeal nerve

A

somatosensation of the tongue and throat
the exit of CN IX is close to the pons-medulla junction
a lesion here may result in loss of the gag reflex

46
Q

CN X- vagus nerve

A

visceral motor and sensory

47
Q

CN XII- hypoglossal nerve

A

allows you to stick your tongue out and speak clearly
a lesion of this root will result in a deviation of the tongue to the side of the root damage; medulla lesion can also cause this same deviation

48
Q

Cuneate fasciculi

A

upper somatosensory pathway

49
Q

graceal fasciculi

A

lower somatosensory pathway

50
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

inferior, middle and superior

51
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects the medulla to the cerebellum

spinal cord —-> cerebellum

52
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

connects the pons to the cerebellum

cortex——> cerebellum

53
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects the midbrain to the cerebellum

sends info out of the cerebellum

54
Q

Where do CN 9, 10, 11 and 12 originate?

A

the medulla

55
Q

What does disrupted breathing or irregular heartbeats suggest?

A

a damaged medulla

56
Q

What do CN 9, 10, 11 and 12 collectively do?

A

They control breathing and heart rate

57
Q

Where do CN 5, 6 and 7 originate?

58
Q

What symptoms indicate a pontine dysfunction?

A

loss of sensation in the face
a medially deviated eye
or weakness of the facial muscles

59
Q

Where do CN 3 and 4 originate?

A

the midbrain

60
Q

What symptoms indicate midbrain dysfunction?

A

dilated pupil or restricted eye movements

61
Q

Where do CN 1 and 2 originate?

A

the forebrain

62
Q

What symptoms indicate forebrain disease?

A

loss of smell
loss of vision
changes in mental functions, memory and language

63
Q

What constitutes somatosensation?

A

pain, touch, temperature, kinesesthia, positioning

64
Q

What makes up the dorsal surface of the midbrain?

A

the superior and inferior coniculli (tectum)

65
Q

What makes up the dorsal surface of the medulla?

A

the cuneate and gracile fasciculi which carry somatosensation rostrally

66
Q

What connects the hypothalmus to the pituitary gland?

A

the infundibulum

67
Q

CN VI- abducens nerve

A

controls movement of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
a patient with this lesion experiences a loss of voluntary lateral gaze in the eye on the side of the lesion (paralysis of lateral rectus muscle)
This is called diplopia; eye on lesioned side is medially deviated

68
Q

superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

A

audition and makes up part of Wernicke’s area

69
Q

middle and inferior gyri of the temporal lobe

A

visual memory and perception

70
Q

superior and middle gyri of the frontal lobe

A

includes the “secondary motor” and premotor areas for organization of voluntary movements

71
Q

prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe

A

personality, planning and sequencing of complex tasks

72
Q

inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe

A

contains Broca’s area for language production

73
Q

Why is it that damage to Heschel’s gyrus on one hemisphere produces little defecit?

A

because auditory information is processed bilaterally in the brain

74
Q

UMN signs

A 
weakness
spastic paralysis
slow atrophy
hyperreflexia eventually
  -Babinski
  -increased DTRs
  -clonus
contralateral innervation
75
Q

LMN signs

A 
weakness
flaccid paralysis
fast atrophy
fasiculations
Hyporeflexia or areflexia
ipsilateral innervation
cell bodies sit in the ventral horn
76
Q

What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule carry?

A

carries somatic sensory and motor info from each side of the central sulcus and visual info to the occipital lobes

77
Q

Where does the medial geniculate give input?

A

to the inferior colliculus to target the auditory cortex

78
Q

Where does the lateral geniculate give input?

A

to the optic tract to target the visual cortex

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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