Chapter 1 (exam*) Flashcards
name and explain the different types of body planes and sections
median(midsagittal) - cuts down the middle of the body (down the nose and through the naval)
sagittal plane- divides something into left and right parts (if it divides the entire body into left and right parts then it is midsagittal)
frontal (coronal)- cuts through the side of you (cuts arm in half goes through each leg)
transverse -cuts you through the waist
abdominopelvic quadrants
splits the abdomen in 4 sections (the right upper of the patient would be the left upper for you) (right upper, left upper, left lower, right lower)
anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
physiology
study of how the body and its parts work or function
gross anatomy
larger structures; easily observable; organ systems; organs; tissues
microscopic (histology)
very small structures; viewed through microscope; tissues to cells
integumentary system
skin, hair, and nails; separates the bodies internal environment from its external environment; protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage; synthesizes vitamin D ; location of cutaneous nerve receptors
skeletal system
protects and supports body organs; provides muscle attachment for movement; site of blood cell formation (makes red blood cells; ossification(cells fuse into blood)); stores minerals
muscular system
allows locomotion; maintains posture; produces heat
nervous system
fast acting control system; responds to internal and external stimulus; activates muscles and glands; brain and spinal cord and nerves and sensory receptors
endocrine system
pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands; secretes regulatory hormones (growth, reproduction, metabolism); controls body with chemicals and hormones; affected by removal of thyroid gland
cardiovascular system
blood vessels, heart; transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes)
lymphatic system
returns fluids to blood vessels; disposes of debris; involved in immunity; protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells; (eyelashes, pain receptors, fingernails, sweat glands); helps keep systems healthy and stable
Respiratory system
keeps blood supplied with oxygen (diffusion); removes carbon dioxide from the blood; trachea, bronchi, lungs
digestive system
breaks down food; allows for nutrients int blood; eliminates indigestible material; esophagus, large intestine, rectum
urinary sytem
eliminates nitrogenous wastes; maintains acid-base balance; regulates water and electrolytes; kidneys, bladder, uterus
reproductive system
production of offspring; testis, vas deferns, urethra
maintenance of boundaries
keeps the bodies internal environment distinct from the external environment; at the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin
occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities
growth
ability to react to stimuli a major role of the nervous system
responsiveness
all chemical reactions occurring in the body
metabolism
includes carbohydrates proteins fats and minerals; chemicals for energy and cell building
nutrients
essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing
atmospheric pressure
single substance accounting for more than 60% of body weight; provides the basis for body fluids of all types
water
required for the release of energy from foodstuffs
oxygen
appropriate body temperature
when too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional
what can a disturbance in homeostasis result in
illness
positive feedback
increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther; causes an amplification of a response; in the body this occurs in the menstrual cycle, blood clotting, and birth of a baby (contractions)
negative feedback
includes most homeostatic control mechanisms; shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity; provides a range of stability or a condition of “normal”; works like a household thermostat
mediastinum
separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs
approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
20%
what covers an organ
visceral pericardium
what lines cavities
parietal serosa
what happens if the human body temperature drops belown 98.6 degrees F
metabolic reactions become slower
which cavity houses the lung
pleural cavity
which cavity houses the heart
pericardial cavity
what does a PET do?
excels in observing metabolic processes
What are the 6 levels of structural organization that make up the human body?
- Chemical level (atoms combine to make molecules)
- Cellular level (cells are made of molecules)
- ) Tissue level (tissues are made of similar types of cells)
- organ level (organs are made up of different types of tissues)
- organ system level(different organs working together)
- organism level (made up of various organ systems)
anatomy levels of organization (9 in order)
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant environment
homeostasis
examples of homeostatic mechanisms
- shivering when the body temperature falls below normal levels
- secreting insulin to decrease blood sugar concentration after a meal or whenever the blood sugar level is high
- increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure is low
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
superior (the forehead is superior to the nose)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
inferior (the navel is inferior to the breastbone)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
anterior (the breastbone is anterior to the spine)
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
posterior (the heart is posterior to the breastbone)
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
medial (the heart is medial to the arm)
away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of
lateral (the arms are lateral to the chest)
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal (the knee is distal to the thigh)
toward or at the body surface
superficial (the skin is superficial to the skeleton)
away from the body surface; more internal
deep (the lungs are deep o the rib cage)
on the outside
peripheral (the ears are peripheral to the nose)
towards the center
central (the nose central to the ears)
dorsal body cavities
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
ventral body cavities
thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic cavity & abdominal cavity)
Explain the elements of a homeostatic control system
- STIMULUS produces a change in a variable
- RECEPTOR detects the change
- INPUT: information is sent along AFFERENT pathway to control center
CONTROL CENTER analyzes info and determines the response - OUTPUT: information is sent along EFFERENT pathway to EFFECTOR
- RESPONSE of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
