Chapter 1. Essentials of Exercise Science (Human Anatomy) Flashcards
Anatomy
From the Greek word, “anatome,” which means “dissection” or “to cut apart.”
Anterior (Ventral)
Towards the front
Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the back
Superior
Towards the head
Inferior
Away from the head
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
Distal
Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
Superficial
External; located close to or on the body surface
Deep
Internal; located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structure
Cervical
Regional term referring to the neck
Thoracic
Regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also known as the chest (thorax)
Lumbar
Regional term referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis
Plantar
The sole or bottom of the feet
Dorsal
The top surface of the feet or hands
Palmar
The anterior or ventral surface of the hands
Sagittal Plane
A longitudinal (imaginary) line that dives the body or any of its parts into right and left sections
Frontal Plane
A longitudinal (imaginary) section that divies the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane
Transverse Plane
Also known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections
Root: Anthro
Meaning: Joint
Term: Arthritis
Definition: Inflammation in a joint
Root: Bi
Meaning: Two
Term: Biceps
Definition: Two-headed muscle
Root: Brachium
Meaning: Arm
Term: Brachialis
Definition: Muscle of the arm
Root: Cardio
Meaning: Heart
Term: Cardiology
Definition: The study of the heart
Root: Cephalo
Meaning: Head
Term: Cephalic
Definition: Pertaining to the head
Root: Chondro
Meaning: Cartilage
Term: Chondroectomy
Definition: Excision of a cartilage
Root: Costo
Meaning: Rib
Term: Costochondral
Definition: Pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
Root: Dermo
Meaning: Skin
Term: Dermatitis
Definition: Inflammation of the skin
Root: Hemo, Hemat
Meaning: Blood
Term: Hemorrhage
Definition: Internal or external bleeding
Root: Ilio
Meaning: Ilium
Term: Ilium
Definition: The wide, upper part of the pelvic bone
Root: Myo
Meaning: Muscle
Term: Myosis
Definition: Inflammation of a muscle
Root: Os, Osteo
Meaning: Bone
Term: Osteomalacia
Definition: Softening of the bone
Root: Pulmo
Meaning: Lung
Term: Pulmonary artery
Definition: Vessel that brings blood to the lungs
Root: Thoraco
Meaning: Chest
Term: Thorax
Definition: Chest
Root: Tri
Meaning: Three
Term: Triceps
Definition: Three-headed muscle
Anatomical Position
Refers to a person standing erect with the head, eyes, and palms facing forward.
Four Structural Levels in the Body
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
Cells
The most basic structure. They make up tissues.
Organs
An organ is formed by two or more tissues combining to serve as a specialized physiological center for the body.
Systems
The highest structural level. Organs that function cooperatively and have a common purpose.
Cardiovascular System
A closed-circuit system composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues while also removing waste, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products.
Arteries
Carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Capillaries
Provide sites for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the blood and tissues
Veins
Return oxygen poor blood back to the heart
Plasma
The liquid part of blood
Blood Vessels
- Arteries and Arterioles
- Veins and Venules
- Capillaries
Arteriosclerosis
The hardening of the arteries and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation. Gives way to increased blood pressure.
Inter-ventricular Septum
A muscular wall that separates the right and left side of the heart, which prevents the mixing of blood from the two sides of the heart
Atria
Receiving chambers
Atrioventricular Valves
(Right and Left) Connect the atria with the right and left atria respectively
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Prevents back flow from the arteries into the ventricles (Right side)
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Prevents back flow from the arteries into the ventricles (Left side)
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Prevents back flow from the arteries into the ventricles (Right ventricle)
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Prevents back flow from the arteries into the ventricles (Left ventricle)
Respiratory System
Make it possible for the body to exchange gases between the external environment and the tissues - provides a means to replace oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. It makes vocalization possible and plays an important role in the regulation of the acid-base balance during exercise. Made up of: - Nose - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Lungs
Pharynx
Throat
Larynx
The area of the “Adam’s Apple”
Trachea
Windpipe - extends to the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebrae, where it divides into two smaller branches: the right and left primary bronchi.
Regular Endurance Exercise
Increases the oxidative capacity of respiratory muscles, which improves respiratory endurance.
Vascular System
Carries food molecules through the hepatic portal vein to the liver before distributing them throughout the body.
Digestive Systems Six Basic Processes
- Ingestion of food into the mouth
- Movement of food along the digestive tract
- Mechanical preparation of food for digestion
- Chemical digestion of food
- Absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Elimination of indigestible substances and waste products from the body by defecation
Regions of GI Tract
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Measures approx. 21 feet
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Large Intestine (Colon)
Measures approx. 5 feet (diameter is larger than small intestine)
Lymphatic System
Composed of an extensive network of capillaries, collecting vessels. lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs, and serves to return excess fluid from between the cells (interstitial fluid) back to the bloodstream, thereby preventing swelling of the intercellular spaces (edema).
Lymph fluid is very similar to blood, except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets, as these components cannot escape through the blood-vessel walls. Once lymph enters the blood through specialized vessels called lymphatic capillaries, it circulates though the arteries, blood capillaries, and veins.
Four important functions:
1. Destruction of bacteria and other foreign substances that are present in lymph nodes
2. Specific immune responses that aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria and foreign substances
3. The return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
4. Prevention of excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins by drainage into highly permeable lymphatic capillaries in the connective tissues
Skeletal System
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Storage
- Formation of blood cells
Number of bones in adult human
206
Long Bones
Longer than they are wide.
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Phalanges
Short Bones
Same length and width.
- Carpals
- Tarsals
Flat Bones
Thin and typically curved.
- Some bones of skull
- Ribs
- Sternum
Irregular Bones
Do not fit in any other category.
- Hip bones
- Vertebrae
- Certain skull bones
Medullary Cavity
The hollow space inside the diaphysis. Used as storage site for fat (sometimes called the yellow bone marrow cavity).
Axial Skeleton
74 bones. Provides main axial support for the body and protect the central nervous system and the organs of the thorax. - Skull Cranium (8) Face (14) - Hyoid (1) - Vertebrae Column (26) - Thorax Sternum (1) Ribs (24)
Vertebral Column
33 vertebrae. Categorized by regions:
- Upper region (neck area): 7 small, delicate.
- Mid-region (below cervical vertebrae): 12 Thoracic (each attached to a rib)
- Lower region: 5 Lumbar (heaviest), Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones. Bones of upper and lower limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles. - Lower Extremity Phalanges (28) Metatarsals (10) Tarsals (14) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Femur (2) - Pelvic Girdle Hip or Pelvis (2) - Shoulder Girdle Clavicle (2) Scapula (2) - Upper Extremity Phalanges (28) Metacarpals (10) Carpals (16) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Humerus (2)
Auditory Ossicles
6 bones (3 per ear)
Articulations
Joints
Three Main Types of Joints
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Fibrous Joints
Held tightly together by a fibrous connective tissue and allow little or no movement. Classified as synarthroidal (syn = together. arthro = joint) considered immovable joints (include sutures of the skull and the joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula).
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are connected by cartilage and little or no movement is allowed.
Synovial Joints
Most common. Freely moveable. (Diathroses “through joint”)
Aorta
Major artery delivery blood from the heart to the body
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Major veins returning blood to the heart from the body
Pulmonary Circuit
Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen in the lungs
Systemic Circuit
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to tissues throughout the body
Synovial Fluid
Fluid created in the synovial membrane by capillaries to nourish the articular cartilages and lubricate the joint surfaces.
Articular Disks
Fibrocartilage (menisci in the knee)
Medial and Lateral Meniscis
Help absorb shock in the knee, increase joint stability, direct synovial fluid to aid in nourishment of the knee, and increase joint contact surface area, thereby decreasing overall pressure on the joint.
Axis of Rotation
An imaginary line that forms a right angle to the plane of movement about which a joint rotates.
Uniplanar or Uniaxial Joints
(Hinge Joints) Joints that move in one plane only and have one axis of rotation. (Ankles, elbow)
Biplanar or Biaxial Joints
Joints that allow movement in two planes that are perpendicular to each other. (Foot, knee, hand, wrist).
Multiplanar or Triaxial Joints
Joints that allow movement in three axes of rotation. (Hip, thumb, shoulder).
Four General Groups of Movement
- Gliding
- Angular
- Circumduction
- Rotation
Gliding
The surfaces of two adjoining bones move back and forth upon each other.
Four General Groups of Movement
- Gliding
- Angular
- Circumduction
- Rotation
Angular
An increase or decrease in the angle between two adjoining bones.
There are four angular movements defined for synovial joints:
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Adduction
Flexion
Bones comprising a joint move toward each other in the sagittal plans, decreasing the joint angle between them.
Extension
The opposite of flexion. Causes the angle between two adjoining bones to increase in the sagittal plane.
Abduction
When part of the body is moved away from the midline of the body, such as lifting an arm or leg away from the side of the body.
Adduction
The opposite of abduction. Refers to movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
Circumduction
The incorporation of all four angular movements to create one motion (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction).
Rotation
Motion of a bone around a central (longitudinal) axis.
Pronation or Supination
Occurs at the radioulnar joint.
Supination (rotation so palm faces anteriorly).
Pronation (rotation so palm faces posteriorly).
