Chapter 1 Definitions Malinowski and Kaplan Flashcards
Absolute distance
Absolute location dictates where each place exists on a reference system.
Absolute location
Dictates where each place exists on a reference system (map).
Accessibility
Indicates ease of movement between places.
Activity space
A functional region in which individual activities occur.
Aggregate characteristic
An aggregate characteristic is the dominant characteristic found within a place.
Boundary
A line that distinguishes the area within the region from the area outside the region.
Choropleth Map
A type of map that shows the quantity or type of phenomena by area. These can be maps of different categories, such as languages, religions or vegetation. Or they can be maps of different amounts or quantities, such as per capita income. The shading or color of each areal unit depicts the quantity or category of data. Any choropleth map beings with a base map, which is then divided into subunits.
Class intervals
Part of a choropleth map, each class interval is assigned a shade (often colors are used). This map allows us to indicate those counties that have a major problem with homicide compared to those where homicide is not as great an issue.
Clustered
A distribution in which data show distinct pockets of concentration.
Cognate
Political science is considered a cognate discipline to geography because the disciplines share the study of a particular set of phenomena.
Cognitive distance
A measure of distance based on perceived distance, rather than physical distance.
Continuous data
Isoline maps can be helpful in handling continuous data, data that occur everywhere but where we have only a few observations.
Covariation
The relationship between the spatial distributions of two or more phenomena.
Criteria
An established set of conditions that helps categorize and compare information.
Density
The density of a distribution is best explored in a choropleth map. The density shows the number of some phenomena divided by some sort of control group.
Deterministic
Processes in geography do not always have to result in a particular pattern.
Dispersed
Point pattern maps make it easier to show whether a distribution is dispersed or clustered.
Distance
A factor that heavily influences spatial interactions and can be measured in several ways.
Distance decay
The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction spatial interactions and can be measured in several ways.
Distribution
A precise way of describing a pattern.
Euclidean distance
A method of distance measurement using the straight line mileage between two places.
Euclidean space
Also known as absolute space, which operates as an arena within which activities take place.
Flow map
A type of map that is often used to depict the interaction between places.
Formal regions
Places that have one or more characteristics in common.
Friction of distance
The amount of time it takes to get from one place to another.
Functional regions
Regions constructed out of places that interact.
Geographical coordinate system
The most basic absolute location, which gives each place a unique value based on its latitude and longitude.
Geographical grid
A geographical grid is a spreadsheet that reveals characteristics or attributes shown in columns or rows of cases or places.
Geographical location
? A geographic location is a specific location on a geographical grid or literal location.
Globalization
Globalization is often defined as the broader integration of more places around the world, has a lot to do with the interaction of economies at various scales.
Graticule
A network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.
Iconic landscapes
A class of distinctive landscape types that bring to mind images and symbols essential to identify.
Interior landscapes
Landscapes found inside a building, house or other structure.
International Date Line
A line of longitude that is the other side of the Prime Meridian and is found at 180 degrees.
Isoline map
Maps that consist of lines that connect points of equal value. Isoline maps do a good job of showing the peaks and valleys of a particular distribution.
Landscape
An area that is less defined than a region and is described in an abstract manner.
Latitude
A measured distance north or south of the Equator, with the North and South Poles as key reference points.
Longitude
A measured distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.
Multiscalar
Processes that take place at different spatial scales.
Multivariate
When processes are multivariate, they often involved several different factors and it can be hard to untangle the relative significance of each.
Ordinary landscape
A landscape that people encounter in their daily experiences.
Pattern
If you look at a map of the world, you are seeing a spatial pattern of different phenomena at any one point in time and how they can change over time.
Period
A way to slice up time. It is essential to historical understanding.
Phenomenon
This term includes all sorts of attributes that can be considered geographically.
Place
Geographers are concerned with where and where is often defined in terms of a specific place. This seemingly ordinary term is one of geography?s key concepts. Geography looks at things as they exist on the ground and explores the spatial perspective and its basic unit is one or more specific places. A place in geography is quite similar to a date in history. It is a fundamental building block in the development of larger spaces, interactions and flows, regions, landscapes and lots of other concepts. Place exists in almost everything that geographers do. Place has very different connotations, depending on how it is used. A place can be something that is quite objective, representing a series of attributes found at a fixed location. This kind of place is usually named.
Place interaction
A wide variety of activities that occur between places.
Place similarity
One or more attributes that places have in common.
Point pattern
Also known as a point distribution map, point pattern shows particular distribution, which can be key to understanding how this distribution occurs. An example of a point pattern map would be population density.
Prime Meridian
The key reference line for longitude that is zero degrees; an arbitrary line that crosses through Greenwich, England, and connects the poles.
Probabilistic
Processes that are not deterministic are more probabilistic, meaning they tend to result in a pattern, but they may result in other patterns, as well.
Process
An action that brings about a particular pattern.
Pure characteristic
An example of a pure characteristic would be how each country is marked by a particular political system that applies to the entire country. This can also be used on a geographical grid.
Random distribution
A phenomenon that is neither clustered nor dispersed.
Region
A way of subdividing space into categorizable geographic units.
Relative location
The relative location of a place has to do with its location compared to other places ? its location in context.
Relative significance
The relative significance of religion, for example, may not be very concerned with characteristics related to the topography of a place, unless natural features are seen as a key factor. Relative significance can also apply to the fact that a given attribute may be significant, but in different ways in different countries.
Scale
Much of the significance of an attribute is established by scale. Geographers are very interested in scale, whether it is global scale, local scale or something in-between. Scale determines a frame of reference and shows characteristics are especially important. Scale also comes up because geographers like to think about the interactions of different places at different scales. For example, how does politics at the urban scale interact with politics at the national scale and how does this interact with politics at the national scale and how does this interact with politics at the global scale?
Scale of analysis
A scale of analysis tells what is being studied on a geographical grid. For example, the entire world is the scale of analysis and the places studied might be the countries in the world.
Sense of place
A set of meanings attached to an area, particularly to the people who know that place well.
Site
Immediate environment of a place.
Situation
Concerned primarily with the way in which a particular place relates to the space that surrounds it.
Space
The second key concept in geography is that of space. It is difficult to refer to space without considering place, as well. One way is to think in terms of dimensionality. In other words, places are considered to be points, with zero dimensions and include a number of places within them. While overall space may itself be boundless, individual spaces have edges of some sort.
Spatial connectivity
The network created by spatial interactions, which geographers attempt to understand.
Spatial interaction
The movement and interconnections between places.
Thematic maps
Thematic maps are maps that show the distribution, flow or connection of one or more characteristics. We use thematic maps to show how different attributes are distributed.
Travel distance
The distance traveled between places based on existing transportation routes.
Travel time
The time it takes to get from one place to another, accounting for different levels of connectivity.
Vernacular region
A region that people construct in their mind, making them difficult to dissect.
Absolute location dictates where each place exists on a reference system.
Absolute distance
Dictates where each place exists on a reference system (map).
Absolute location
Indicates ease of movement between places.
Accessibility
A functional region in which individual activities occur.
Activity space
An aggregate characteristic is the dominant characteristic found within a place.
Aggregate characteristic
A line that distinguishes the area within the region from the area outside the region.
Boundary
A type of map that shows the quantity or type of phenomena by area. These can be maps of different categories, such as languages, religions or vegetation. Or they can be maps of different amounts or quantities, such as per capita income. The shading or color of each areal unit depicts the quantity or category of data. Any choropleth map beings with a base map, which is then divided into subunits.
Choropleth Map
Part of a choropleth map, each class interval is assigned a shade (often colors are used). This map allows us to indicate those counties that have a major problem with homicide compared to those where homicide is not as great an issue.
Class intervals
A distribution in which data show distinct pockets of concentration.
Clustered
Political science is considered a cognate discipline to geography because the disciplines share the study of a particular set of phenomena.
Cognate
A measure of distance based on perceived distance, rather than physical distance.
Cognitive distance
Isoline maps can be helpful in handling continuous data, data that occur everywhere but where we have only a few observations.
Continuous data
The relationship between the spatial distributions of two or more phenomena.
Covariation
An established set of conditions that helps categorize and compare information.
Criteria
The density of a distribution is best explored in a choropleth map. The density shows the number of some phenomena divided by some sort of control group.
Density
Processes in geography do not always have to result in a particular pattern.
Deterministic
Point pattern maps make it easier to show whether a distribution is dispersed or clustered.
Dispersed
A factor that heavily influences spatial interactions and can be measured in several ways.
Distance
The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction spatial interactions and can be measured in several ways.
Distance decay
A precise way of describing a pattern.
Distribution
A method of distance measurement using the straight line mileage between two places.
Euclidean distance
Also known as absolute space, which operates as an arena within which activities take place.
Euclidean space
A type of map that is often used to depict the interaction between places.
Flow map
Places that have one or more characteristics in common.
Formal regions
The amount of time it takes to get from one place to another.
Friction of distance
Regions constructed out of places that interact.
Functional regions
The most basic absolute location, which gives each place a unique value based on its latitude and longitude.
Geographical coordinate system
A geographical grid is a spreadsheet that reveals characteristics or attributes shown in columns or rows of cases or places.
Geographical grid
? A geographic location is a specific location on a geographical grid or literal location.
Geographical location
Globalization is often defined as the broader integration of more places around the world, has a lot to do with the interaction of economies at various scales.
Globalization
A network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.
Graticule
A class of distinctive landscape types that bring to mind images and symbols essential to identify.
Iconic landscapes
Landscapes found inside a building, house or other structure.
Interior landscapes
A line of longitude that is the other side of the Prime Meridian and is found at 180 degrees.
International Date Line
Maps that consist of lines that connect points of equal value. Isoline maps do a good job of showing the peaks and valleys of a particular distribution.
Isoline map
An area that is less defined than a region and is described in an abstract manner.
Landscape
A measured distance north or south of the Equator, with the North and South Poles as key reference points.
Latitude
A measured distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.
Longitude
Processes that take place at different spatial scales.
Multiscalar
When processes are multivariate, they often involved several different factors and it can be hard to untangle the relative significance of each.
Multivariate
A landscape that people encounter in their daily experiences.
Ordinary landscape
If you look at a map of the world, you are seeing a spatial pattern of different phenomena at any one point in time and how they can change over time.
Pattern
A way to slice up time. It is essential to historical understanding.
Period
This term includes all sorts of attributes that can be considered geographically.
Phenomenon
Geographers are concerned with where and where is often defined in terms of a specific place. This seemingly ordinary term is one of geography?s key concepts. Geography looks at things as they exist on the ground and explores the spatial perspective and its basic unit is one or more specific places. A place in geography is quite similar to a date in history. It is a fundamental building block in the development of larger spaces, interactions and flows, regions, landscapes and lots of other concepts. Place exists in almost everything that geographers do. Place has very different connotations, depending on how it is used. A place can be something that is quite objective, representing a series of attributes found at a fixed location. This kind of place is usually named.
Place
A wide variety of activities that occur between places.
Place interaction
One or more attributes that places have in common.
Place similarity
Also known as a point distribution map, point pattern shows particular distribution, which can be key to understanding how this distribution occurs. An example of a point pattern map would be population density.
Point pattern
The key reference line for longitude that is zero degrees; an arbitrary line that crosses through Greenwich, England, and connects the poles.
Prime Meridian
Processes that are not deterministic are more probabilistic, meaning they tend to result in a pattern, but they may result in other patterns, as well.
Probabilistic
An action that brings about a particular pattern.
Process
An example of a pure characteristic would be how each country is marked by a particular political system that applies to the entire country. This can also be used on a geographical grid.
Pure characteristic
A phenomenon that is neither clustered nor dispersed.
Random distribution
A way of subdividing space into categorizable geographic units.
Region
The relative location of a place has to do with its location compared to other places ? its location in context.
Relative location
The relative significance of religion, for example, may not be very concerned with characteristics related to the topography of a place, unless natural features are seen as a key factor. Relative significance can also apply to the fact that a given attribute may be significant, but in different ways in different countries.
Relative significance
Much of the significance of an attribute is established by scale. Geographers are very interested in scale, whether it is global scale, local scale or something in-between. Scale determines a frame of reference and shows characteristics are especially important. Scale also comes up because geographers like to think about the interactions of different places at different scales. For example, how does politics at the urban scale interact with politics at the national scale and how does this interact with politics at the national scale and how does this interact with politics at the global scale?
Scale
A scale of analysis tells what is being studied on a geographical grid. For example, the entire world is the scale of analysis and the places studied might be the countries in the world.
Scale of analysis
A set of meanings attached to an area, particularly to the people who know that place well.
Sense of place
Immediate environment of a place.
Site
Concerned primarily with the way in which a particular place relates to the space that surrounds it.
Situation
The second key concept in geography is that of space. It is difficult to refer to space without considering place, as well. One way is to think in terms of dimensionality. In other words, places are considered to be points, with zero dimensions and include a number of places within them. While overall space may itself be boundless, individual spaces have edges of some sort.
Space
The network created by spatial interactions, which geographers attempt to understand.
Spatial connectivity
The movement and interconnections between places.
Spatial interaction
Thematic maps are maps that show the distribution, flow or connection of one or more characteristics. We use thematic maps to show how different attributes are distributed.
Thematic maps
The distance traveled between places based on existing transportation routes.
Travel distance
The time it takes to get from one place to another, accounting for different levels of connectivity.
Travel time
A region that people construct in their mind, making them difficult to dissect.
Vernacular region
