Chapter 1 Defining Violence Flashcards
Instrumental Violence
Violence is means to an end. Designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.
E.g. Inheritance
Expressive Violence
Violence that scents, rage, anger or frustration.
E.g. Sexual Jealously
Agression
Behaviour that is physical and/or psychologically harmful.
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Violence
Aggressive and/or harmful physical behaviour.
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Righteous Slaughter
Perpetrators perceive that their violence is in defense of some important value or principle and that the victims are not innocent but, on the contrary, have brought violence upon themselves.
Spillover Theory
The theory that violence overlaps into different parts of someone’s life. For example, some suggest that the more society legitimates some kinds of violence (such as in war, capital punishment, and justifiable homicide), the more illegitimate violence (such as robbery and murder) there will be.
Brutalization Hypothesis
The argument that capital punishment may actually serve to increase murder rates rather than cause them to decrease.
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Instrumental Violence
Violence as a means to an end, such as acts committed during a robbery.
Expressive Violence
Motivations for violence are emotional, such as jealousy or anger.
Interpersonal Violence
Assaults, rapes, robberies and murders.
Institutional Violence
Violent behaviours perpetuated in an organizational setting, such as in the family, in a workplace, in the military, or through a religious organization.
Structural Violence
Discriminatory social agreements that can be constructed as violent, such as societal inequalities; examples might include a minority’s access to education, health care, an adequate diet, and other necessities for survival and human development.
Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)
The most widely used source of statistical information about violent crime in the United States.
Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)
Information about homicide victims and offenders (such as race, gender, and relationship) compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
National Incident-Based Report System (NIBRS)
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s national database of crime implemented to include more characteristics of the incident than previous reporting systems. NIBRS data are more specific than data in the Uniform Crime Reports, and the system include many more offenses that local agencies have to report information on. It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status. In all, NIBRS categorizes each incident and arrest in one of 22 basic crime categories that span 46 separate offenses. A total of 53 data elements about the victim, property and offender are collected under NIBRS.
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
Statistical division that fielded several surveys to measure national rates of crime victimization; it was replaced by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1980.
National Crime Survey (NCS)
A National survey that monitored victimization; it was replaced with the NCVS.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
The agency responsible for conducting and analyzing a number of sources of data related to crime and victimization.
Sample
A subset of elements (people, cities, countries, etc.) from a larger population that contains all of the important elements in which a study is interested.
Population
The larger group from which a sample is selected.
Random Selection
When elements from a population are selected for inclusion in a sample in a random and unbiases manner.
Victimization
For crimes of violence, the number of victimizations is equal to the number of persons present during a particular violent incident; for example, if an offender robs three people leaving a bar, there would be three victimizations in this one incident.
Incidents
For crimes of violence, such act is measured as one unit, regardless of the number of victims; for example, if an offender robs three people leaving a bar, there would be one incident but three victimizations.
Victimization Rates
The number of people 12 years of age and older who experience a particular type of victimization.
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)
A survey conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to measure intimate partner violence and rape and sexual assault against adult males and females (aged 18 years of age and older).
Validity
This issue concerns the extent to which we are actually measuring what we think we are measuring; for example, a question measuring a phenomenon such as stress would be valid if, in fact, it can differentiate between those who have high stress compared to those with low stress.
Subcultures of Violence
The idea that members of particular groups or subgroups are prone to violence because of the values and beliefs embedded in their cultures.
Culture of Honour
Refers to the belief that some cultures place a high premium on respect and honor and will quickly resort to violence if they feel they have been disrespected or dishonored in some way.
