Chapter 1: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
Cognition
The set of processes (cognitive functions) that allow humans and
many other animals to:
perceive external stimuli
extract key information and hold it in memory
generate thoughts and actions that help reach desired goals.
Many important aspects of cognition and behavior occur without
conscious experience because…
- They happen too fast to be processed -> keeper bij voetbal
- They occur automatically in the background of current processing
When and why did behaviourism rise
Beginning of 20th century, because of dissatisfaction with the lack of systemic process in the studies of mental processes. Thats why people started to perform experiments that matched objective external stimuli to measurable behavior.
Two most famous behaviourists
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
What did Watson and Skinner essentially do?
They examined how changes in stimulus presentation (e.g., food rewards to a hungry experimental animal) could shape how individuals adapt their behavior to the demands of the environment.
How do we use the work of Skinner and Watson to today?
In education, treatment of addiction, and criminal rehabilitation (stimulus-response learning!)
What caused the downfall of behaviourism?
The fact that they did not look at any other cognitive processes, only at reward learning: The focus of behaviorists on learning
from rewards led them to ignore other cognitive functions. Although they did not deny the existence of mental states and the cognitive functions that those states implied, behaviorists dismissed those states as inappropriate topics for scientific study, arguing that psychological concepts could be discussed only in terms of the experimental manipulations that evoked them (a view sometimes called “operationism”). Ignoring complex mental states made experiments more tractable but needlessly reduced the scope of psychology by excluding the study of cognitive functions other than learning.
natural philosophy and early psychology 2 personen
Wundt and Hemholtz
Name 1 factor that caused the cognitive science rise
Information processing theory of the brain
Miller: working memory can only display 7 items at one time, + complex cognitive processes need to be divided into smaller units.
Chomsky view
Behaviourism cannot show the mechanism of complex mental functions, explained this via language. Due to him: more research in humans (instead of animals)
Behaviourism definitie
Behaviourism tries to explain behaviour using only stimuli and responses, not concerning any of the underlying metal processes (they did not deny the existence of internal mental states, but argued that these mantal states could not be defined independently of experimental operations).
Cognitism definitie
Cognitive scientists try to explain the information processes that intervenes between stimuli and behaviour. They assume that the cognitive functions act upon stored information, transforming this information in the service of adaptive behaviour.
cognitive models should…
- make processes generalizable
- provide insight into common research results
- explain complex cognitive processes
the elements that make up these models are…
psychological constructs
who figured out that brain damage has an effect on cognition
Galen
Cognition….
- aquire information
- store and retreive information in memory
- generate and use information to reach a goal
Wilhelm Wundt
experimental psychology: used introspection to experimentally investigae cognitive processes
Behaviourism
Objective experimental approach: objective external stimuli are mathced to measurable behaviour. All mental activity can be reduced to behavioural activity, due to a certain stimulus.
What raised interest in cognitive science
the finding that rats can learn without rewarding stimuli (tolman).
rise of computers and technology
Psychological states affect responses to stimuli
wat denkt cognitivism over memory
memory is niet passief retrieven van sensory stimuli, maar meer actieve recoding van verschillende pieces of information
Cognitive models function
predict how sensory stimuli lead to behavioral responses
are model components related to physical processes in the brain?
no, not necessarily
What do cognitive models use?
psychological constructs
Gall findings
cognitive functions and traits are related to different parts of the cerebral cortex. mapping bumps on the skull can show different traits.
Wanneer werd ontdekt dat neuronen bestaan
half 1800
Wat is de goal van cognitive neuroscience?
to understand cognition in terms of the underlying neural computations -> develop neurobiologically grounded models of cognitive functions
wat is niet het doel van cognitive neuroscience?
NIET: create maps of brain functions, or to seach for neural correlates of a cognitive function (prenological approach)
convergence
study a concept with different paradigms -> if the different methods give the same results, it is strong evidence (meta-analysis!)
complementarity
different methods provide different information. (high temporal vs high spatial resolution)
dorsal
back
ventral
front
rostral
Neus
caudal
staart
coronal
oor tot oor (minst gebruikt)
axial
horizontaal
sagittal
pijl en boog (meest gebruikt)
the top of the brain is (dorsal/ventral)
dorsal
anterior
front
posterior
back
superior
above
inferior
onder
lateral
side
medial
midden
proximal
dichtbij
distal
ver weg
ipsilateral
aan dezelfde kant
contralateral
aan de andere kant
coronal as seen from the…
front (frontal plane)
sagittal as seen from the…
side
axial as seen from…
above (horizontal/transverse!)
function of neurons
to propagate information via electrical signals
function of neuroglial cells
to support the nerve cells
ander woord voor cell body
soma
dendrites …. information
receive
axons … information
send
cell body … information
integrates
purkinjecellen liggen in … en hebben …
cerebellum, lange dendrieten
main funtion PNS
to connect the CNS to the organs and limbs
ganglion =
group of neurons and glial cells
dorsal root ganglion
sensory neurons that transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS
PNS 3 parts
sensory system, somatic motor system, autonomic motor system
sensory system of PNS function
process sensory information
somatic motor system of PNS function
volutary muscles make movement
autonomic motor system andere naam +functie
visceral, the involuntary muscles and reflexes of organs.
heeft twee staten: sympathetic (fight or flight) en parasympathetic (rest and digest)
what are a group of neurons called in the PNS and what are they called in the CNS
PNS: ganglion
CNS: nuclei
7 basic parts of the CNS (van onder naar boven)
spinal cord
medulla
pons
midbrain
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum
vertebral column volgorde
cervical
thoracic
lumbal (lumber)
sacral (sacrum)
coccygeal (coccyx)
sensory signals gaan naar binnen via de … horn en naar buiten via de … horn
dorsal binnen, ventral buiten
hoe heten signalen die bij de dorsal naar binnen gaan
afferent
hoe heten signalen die bij de ventral naar buiten gaan
efferent
medulla oblongata
autonomic/involuntary functions: heart rate, sneezing, blood pressure.
pons
connect the forebrain the the cerebellum.
also sleep, swallowing, facial expressions and sleep paralysis.
midbrain 2 parts
tectum and tegmentum
tectum
superior and inferior colliculus -> reflections towards visual and auditory stimuli.
tegmentum
ventral tegmental area with the most dopamine production
reticular formation
in the brainstem. arousal and attention. damage = coma
cerebellum parts
spinocerebellum (midden!) -> polysensoric integration, precise and flexible control of moving limbs.
neocerebellum (lateral) -> planning of movement
als er niks wordt gemanipuleerd is het … blindness
change
als er wel wat gemanipuleerd wordt is het … blindness
inattentional
bottom up
meest basale processes (streep met halve rondjes, zwarte stippen)
top down
context, de samenhang van iets beschrijven (13, vlinder of B, hond en boom)
early selection
bij difficult task
late selection
bij easy task (naam horen tijdens praten)
midbrain waar?
bovenste structuur van brainstem
midbrain onderdelen
tectum en tegmentum
tectum parts
superior collici: visual
inferior collici: auditory
tegmentum
ventral tegemental area: largest dopamine production
reticular formation
soort slang door de brainstem heen. functie: arousal, attention, consciousness
spinocerebellum
soort spine, midden van cerebellum. functie: polysensoric integration, movement limbs
neocerebellum
naast spinocerebellum. functie: planning movement, higher mental functions, time
vestibulocerebellum
onderaan. functie: balance, eye movement
forebrain 2 parts
cerebrum, diencephalon
diencephalon main component +function
thalamus, receives all sensory input exept smell
cerebrum meaning
limbic system, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb, cortex
limbic system functie 2 belangrijke onderdelen
hippocampus (memory, spatial processing) and amygdala (emotions)
basal ganglia 3 onderdelen
putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus (many cognitive functions)
olfactory bulb
processing olfactory information (smell)
waar zit de olfactory bulb
helemaal vooraan het brein
waar zit de auditory area
een beetje in het midden schuin
angular gyrus
transforms visual representations into an auditory code
