Chapter 1 Book Notes

Question 1

What are the two major groups in vertbrates

Answer 1

amniotes vs non-amniote

Question 2

What distinguishes the two major vertebrate distinctions

Answer 2

the embryonic development of the amnion

Question 3

What are the two lineages that are derived from amniotes?

Answer 3

Sauropsids

synapsids

Question 4

When did the amniote lineages seperate

Answer 4

during the mid-carboniferous

Question 5

synapsids and sauripsids developed what shared basic characteristics

Answer 5

lung ventilation
kidney function
insulation
temperature regulation

Question 6

Synapsids and sauropsids developed shared basic characteristic _____

Answer 6

independently

Question 7

non-amniotes are ______ and _____ by membranes that are produced by the ______________

Answer 7

protected
enclosed
reproductive tract of the female

Question 8

What makes hagfish and lampry unique extant vertbrates

Answer 8

they are cyclostomes/ they lack jaws

Question 9

Which neopterygiian lineage includes 95% of actinopterygians?

Answer 9

Teleostei

Question 10

What are the two major evolutionary radiations of bony fish

Answer 10

into water

onto land

Question 11

how is the bare skin of amphibians important?

Answer 11

the exchange od water, ions, and gases with the environment is faciliated by the skin

Question 12

are more amniotes terestrial or non-amniotes

Answer 12

amniotes

Question 13

Why are sauropsids and synapsids shared derived traits different?

Answer 13

because the features were evolved imdependently likely using different processes

Question 14

What stressors would cause the synapsids and suaropsids to develop shared derived features

Answer 14

the need to extract O2 from air

heart that can seperate O2 rich blood from O2 poor

kidneys that can eliminate waste

insulation and homeostatic behavior

Question 15

Why is the name placentals misleading?

Answer 15

marsupials also have placentas

Question 16

What is the difference between Placentals and Marsupials

Answer 16

Placentals have long gestation and have large completed development at birth

Question 17

What are the three lineages of extant mammals

Answer 17

prototheria- monotremes
metatheria- marsupials
eutheria- placentals

Question 18

Whi introduced phylogenetic systematics

Answer 18

Will Hennig

Question 19

How could natural groups be determined, according to Hennig

Answer 19

homologous derived characters

Question 20

Do crown groups have to contain all extant species?

Answer 20

they do not, can contain extant and fossils that haveextant species derived characteristics

Question 21

Are stem or crown groups paraphyletic

Answer 21

stem, they do not contain all descendents with some of the derived characteristics

Question 22

What kinds of expression of developmental genes that can contribute to the “arrival of the fittest” for natural selction

Answer 22

heterochromy
heterotopy
heterometry

Question 23

Which changes have resulted in limb loss in snakes nad limb reduction in lizards

Answer 23

heterotopy

Question 24

What are the two classes of change in developmental genes

Answer 24

transgenerational and intragenerational phenotypic modification

Question 25

which class of change in developmental genes is responsible for phylogenetic lineage divergence?

Answer 25

transgenerational phenotypic modifcation

Question 26

what does epigenetic mechanism do?

Answer 26

modify expresson of genes without changing the DNA sequence

Question 27

Which class of change in developmental genes uses epigenetic mechanisms?

Answer 27

intragenerational phenotypic modification

Question 28

What are the 3 geological eons of the Earth

Answer 28

Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

Question 29

What is significant about the phanerpzoic eon

Answer 29

it is the eon that contains vertebrates

Question 30

What are the 3 eras phanerozoic eon

Answer 30

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic