Chapter 1 Book Notes Flashcards
What are the two major groups in vertbrates
amniotes vs non-amniote
What distinguishes the two major vertebrate distinctions
the embryonic development of the amnion
What are the two lineages that are derived from amniotes?
Sauropsids
synapsids
When did the amniote lineages seperate
during the mid-carboniferous
synapsids and sauripsids developed what shared basic characteristics
lung ventilation
kidney function
insulation
temperature regulation
Synapsids and sauropsids developed shared basic characteristic _____
independently
non-amniotes are ______ and _____ by membranes that are produced by the ______________
protected
enclosed
reproductive tract of the female
What makes hagfish and lampry unique extant vertbrates
they are cyclostomes/ they lack jaws
Which neopterygiian lineage includes 95% of actinopterygians?
Teleostei
What are the two major evolutionary radiations of bony fish
into water
onto land
how is the bare skin of amphibians important?
the exchange od water, ions, and gases with the environment is faciliated by the skin
are more amniotes terestrial or non-amniotes
amniotes
Why are sauropsids and synapsids shared derived traits different?
because the features were evolved imdependently likely using different processes
What stressors would cause the synapsids and suaropsids to develop shared derived features
the need to extract O2 from air
heart that can seperate O2 rich blood from O2 poor
kidneys that can eliminate waste
insulation and homeostatic behavior
Why is the name placentals misleading?
marsupials also have placentas
What is the difference between Placentals and Marsupials
Placentals have long gestation and have large completed development at birth
What are the three lineages of extant mammals
prototheria- monotremes
metatheria- marsupials
eutheria- placentals
Whi introduced phylogenetic systematics
Will Hennig
How could natural groups be determined, according to Hennig
homologous derived characters
Do crown groups have to contain all extant species?
they do not, can contain extant and fossils that haveextant species derived characteristics
Are stem or crown groups paraphyletic
stem, they do not contain all descendents with some of the derived characteristics
What kinds of expression of developmental genes that can contribute to the “arrival of the fittest” for natural selction
heterochromy
heterotopy
heterometry
Which changes have resulted in limb loss in snakes nad limb reduction in lizards
heterotopy
What are the two classes of change in developmental genes
transgenerational and intragenerational phenotypic modification
which class of change in developmental genes is responsible for phylogenetic lineage divergence?
transgenerational phenotypic modifcation
what does epigenetic mechanism do?
modify expresson of genes without changing the DNA sequence
Which class of change in developmental genes uses epigenetic mechanisms?
intragenerational phenotypic modification
What are the 3 geological eons of the Earth
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
What is significant about the phanerpzoic eon
it is the eon that contains vertebrates
What are the 3 eras phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
