Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SBI 4U1 > Chapter 1 - Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Which orbital has the lowest energy potential? Why?

A

The valence shell has the least amount of energy due to space between it and the nucleus. This means the electrons aren’t as attracted to the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three reasons that atoms bond?

A
  1. To complete the octet (become stable) 2. To get a lower potential energy 3. To get a higher potential energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Summarize the types of bonds that we discussed. How does electronegativity relate to the type of bond formed. Explain

A

We talked about Ionic bonds, covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. These bonds determine the characteristics of the bonds within the molecule. Ionic bonds have an electronegativity difference of 1.6 and above, Polar Covalent has an E.D of 0.4 to 1.6, and below 0.4 is Covalent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the VSPER theory? Explain the shape of CH4.

A

The VSPER theory states that the shape is predicted by the # and type of valence shell election pairs around the central atom. CH4 take the tetrahedral shape as it has 4 atoms around the central atom and has no lone pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wht are the types of isomers.

A
  • Structural Isomers - Geometric Isomers - Enantiomers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the properties of structual isomers?

A

Also known as Constitutional Isomers. They have the same molecular formula but the atoms are connected differently. They also usually have different physical and chemical properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A chiral carbon is a carbon contain all different substituent groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the properties of geometrical isomers?

A
  • Occurs where you have restricted rotation somwhere in a molecule (usually including C-C double bonds) - Same molecular formula and same connectivity but different spatial arrangements. - Each carbon has 2 substituent groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the properties of enantiomers?

A
  • Molecules that are mirror images of eachother but not superiposable - Must have a chiral carbon with 4 different substituent groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom/group of atoms within a molecule that is reponsible for its characterisitc chemical properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the properties of Alkanes:

A
  • Only C & H - All single bonds - Names ends with -ane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the properties of Alkenes:

A
  • Only C & H - C to C double bonds - Names ends with -ene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the properties of Alkynes:

A
  • Only C & H - A C & C triple bond - Names ends with -yne
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a ketone vs an aldehyde. Why are they important carbohydrates?

A

The difference between ketones and aldehydes are the presence of a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond in the aldehyde. Ketones don’t have that hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain each of the reasons that water is critical to life on earth.

A

Water has many properties that allow life as we know it. A very important ability is cohesion of water; this is the waters ability to move against gravity up casular tissue in a plant stem due to hydrogen bonds. Adhesion (also due to hydrogen bonding) is the water molecules being holding onto the cell wall to help fight gravity. H2O is also an effective heat bank. It can release and absorb large amounts of heat with only a small change in its own temp. This help our temp regulation. The density of the molecule is less dense in its solid form allowing water to float on it liquid form. This keep aquatic ecosystem alive because they wouldn’t survive if the oceans freezed and the oceans would never unfreeze due to the short amount of warm seasons we have. Lastly, water does a thing called hydration shells which means it surrounds the molecule it’s trying to dissolve to break them apart from eachother.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion is the waters ability to move against gravity up vasular tissue in a plant stem due to hydrogen bonds. As water evaporates from the leaves of a plant, cohesion causes other water molecules to be pulled up the xylem to replace it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Adhesion?

A

Adhesion is the waters ability to cling to the cell wall, which also helps the cells fight the downward pull of gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does a cool swimming pool have more energy than a hot cup of coffee?

A

A large volume of a substance will carry more overall energy because a larger number of molecules are vibrating. Therefore, it is possible for the swimming pool to have a larker amount of energy than a hot cup of coffee.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does ice float?

A

The density of the molecule is less dense in its solid form allowing water to float on it liquid form. This keep aquatic ecosystem alive because they wouldn’t survive if the oceans freezed and the oceans would never unfreeze due to the short amount of warm seasons we have.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Draw and explain hydrogen shells:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are monomers?

A

Monomers are the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polmer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are dimers?

A

Dimers are 2 connected monomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are long molecules consisting of many (more than 2) monomers, linked by covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do you have to do to make alpha glucose? (draw it)

A

To make alpha glucose you have to have the position of DDUD. This means that C-1’s OH group is facing down, C-2’s OH group is facing down, C-3’s OH group is facing up, and C-4’s OH group is facing down. rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do you have to do to make beta glucose? (draw it)

A

To make beta glucose you have to have the position of UDUD. This means that C-1’s OH group is facing up, C-2’s OH group is facing down, C-3’s OH group is facing up, and C-4’s OH group is facing down. rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do you have to do to make fructose? (draw it)

A

answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do you have to do to make galactose? (draw it)

A

rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do you have to do to make sucrose? (draw it)

A

Sucrose is glucose and fructose combined. rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do you have to do to make lactose? (draw it)

A

Lactose is glucose and galactose combined. rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do you have to do to make maltose? (draw it)

A

Maltose is glucose and glucose combined. rest of answer in booklet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do you have to do to make amylose? (draw it)

A

Amylose is a bunch of D-glucose units. That has the 1-4 glycosidic linkage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do you have to do to make amylopectin? (draw it)

A

Amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do you have to do to make chitin? (draw it)

A

Long chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine. with beta 1-4 linkages similar to cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do you have to do to make cellulose? (draw it)

A

A plysaccharide consiting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousnad.Beta 1-4 lined D-glucose units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do you have to do to make glycogen? (draw it)

A

Multi-branched plysaccharide of glucose. W/ branches every 10 glucose molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates have many functions that are very important for body. These functions include: Energy, storage, support, protection, communication, immunity and DNA/RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What’s the importance of the “R” group of the amino acid?

A

The “R” group of the amino acid indicates the type of amino acid. It also changes the polarity, solubility and properties of the amino acid. Also effecting the shape and properties of the protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Know the amino acid backbone: (draw it)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of reaction forms a protein?

A

Dehydration Synthesis forms proteins.

40
Q

What is the primary structure?

A
  • Involves only the covalent bonds linking amino sacids together. - The minimum size of a protein is defined as about 50 amino acids.
41
Q

What is secondary structure?

A
  • The polypeptide folds in two possible ways is stablized by hydrogen bonds - The most common types of secondary folding orderly repeating forms known as the helix and the pleated sheet. - Since secondary structure is held together by regular H bonds between parts of the backbone that all amino acids share secondary structure is very regular.
42
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A
  • Tertiary structure results from interactions between side chains, or between side chains and the polypeptide backbone, which are often distant in sequence. - Usually, most important force is hydrophobic interaction. though it includes: H bonds, ionic bonds, dipole dipole, LDF, Vann Der Waals.
43
Q

What is Quaternary structure?

A
  • Quaternary refers to the number and arrangment of the individual polypeptide chains. - Each polypeptide is referred to as a subunit of the protein. - The same forces and bonds that create tertiary structure - Individual chains may be identical, somewhat similar, or totally different.
44
Q

What type of bonds are involved in secondary structure? Which part of the aa is involved?

A
  • Secondary folding occurs in such a way as to bury hyrophobic parts in the center of the protein, while hydrophilic parts are on the surface, exposed to water. other bond are ionic, hydrogen bonds and vander waals forces.
45
Q

What type of bonds are involved in tertiary structure? Which part of the aa is involved?

A

Hydrogen bond, ionic bond, disulfide bridges and hydrophobic intermolecular interactions. This occurs within the side chains.

46
Q

What does denatured mean and how can it occur? Can it be re-natured?

A

Denatured means breaking of many weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly order strucutre of the protien in its nautral state. When the denaturing was not signifigant then you may be able to fix the denaturation. Although in most cases denaturation is so extreme that it cannot be reversed.

47
Q

What is Chaperonin?

A

A protein that aids the assembly and folding of other protein molecules and living cells.

48
Q

What are 4 types of lipids

A
  • Phospholipids - Steroids - Triglycerids - Terpenes
49
Q

What is a triglyceride? (Draw it)

A

A triglyceride: glycerol connecting to 3 fatty acids.

50
Q

Explain the importance of saturation in triglycerides.

A

Saturation gives triglycerides their unique properties.

51
Q

What are the properties of a saturated triglyceride?

A
  • Full of H - Solid at room temperature - More problematic
52
Q

What are the properties of an unsaturated triglyceride?

A
  • At least 1 C=C - Polyunsaturated mean more than one C=C - Each double bond drops the melting point
53
Q

What’s the difference between a cis and trans bond?

A

A cis bond is when the H’s are on the same side of the C=C H H C=C Nothing here** While a tans bond is when the H’s are on opposite sides of the C=C. H C=C H

54
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A phospholipid makes up the bulk of all cell membranes. They contain a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail organized to excude water creating the lipid bilayer.

55
Q

What does the Hydrophilic head contain?

A

The head contains a positively charged choline group and a negatively charged phosphate.

56
Q

What does the hydrophobic tail contain?

A

The tail consists of a glycerol attached to two fatty acids.

57
Q

Why is the structure of a phospholipid important?

A

This is because phospholipids make up the phospholipid bilayer. The heads are on the outside, therefore, touching the aqueous environment leaving the tails free from that environment.

58
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

They are the major component of cell membranes. They are also found in small amounts of edible oils extracted from biological tissues.

59
Q

What is a steroid? Draw 2 steroid hormones:

A

Organic molecules with a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings; examples include cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone.

60
Q

What is a terpene?

(Draw backbone if in the booklet)

A

Terpenes are organic molecules that vary largely in both structure and function. examples include: resins and chlorophyll (in plants) and in animal retinal.

61
Q

Compare DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: - Only one to contain Thymines - Has a double helix - contains deoxyribose - Responsible for storing and transferring genetic information RNA: - Only one to contain Uracil - Has a single helix - contains ribose - directly cods for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

62
Q

Draw adenine, cytosine, quanine, thymine, and uracil.

A

Answer in booklet

63
Q

What’s the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines are larger than pyrimidines. They have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring. While pyrimidines have one 6 membered ring of carbona nd nitrogen atoms.

64
Q

What is dNTP?

A

a Nucleotide with 3 phosphates -> the monomer of a nucleic acid when not part of the polymer.

65
Q

What is dNMP?

A

a Nucleotide with 1 phosphate -> as part of the polymer

66
Q

Whats a prokaryote versus eukaryote?

A

Prokaryote: - Lack membrane-enclosed organelles - typically much smaller - genetic info is carried on cirular piece of DNA - it is bacteria Eukaryote: - Larger and structually more complex - membrane-enclosed structure called organelles (nucleus, mitocondria, chloroplasts) - found in multi cellular organisms but not all - makes up plant animals, fungi and protists - DNA is linear and ofund within nucleus

67
Q

What does symbiosis mean:

A

Two different species benefit from living/working together.

68
Q

What does endosymbiosis mean:

A

one cell actually lives inside of another cell.

69
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

It describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria became dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Through evolution, mitochondia and chloroplasts have become specialized. Not capable of living outside the cell.

70
Q

What is the evidence onf the origin story of chloroplast and mitochondia?

A

It is said that chloroplasts ate the mitochondria but instead of digesting it, it started using it to it’s benifit.

71
Q

What is meant by selectively permeable?

A

Selectively permeable means that some substances can pass while others cannot.

72
Q

What is binary fussion?

A

An asexual type of reproduction where DNA is cpied and the cell splits.

73
Q

Draw and label a fluid representation of a cell membrane.

A

answer it booklet:

74
Q

Explain the importance of the amphipathic nature of the phospholipid to the organisation and function of the cell membrane.

A

They contain both hydophillic and hydrophobic portions. They are arranged in a lipid bilayer, with the hdrophobic portions associating with one another and the hydrophillic portions associating with one another.

75
Q

What are the three types of lipids found in the lipid bilayer and what are their roles?

A
  • Phospholipids (make up the majority of the membrane as previously mentioned) - Glycolipids (A lipid with a carbohydrate attached) - Cholesterol (Makes the bilay stronger, more flexible but less fluid, and less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions and monosaccharides)
76
Q

What are the two major types of membrane proteins?

A

Peripheral proteins and Integral proteins. Peripheral proteins are not embedded into the lipid bylaryer. They are loosley bound to the suface of the membrane. Integral proteins interact with hydrophobic portions of membranes. In some cases, thes proteins pass right though lipid bylayer and extend into both aqueous mediums and are called transmembrane proteins.

77
Q

List and explain the three types of passive transport?

A
  • Simple diffusion - Facilitated diffusion - Facilitated diffusion by carrier proteins.
78
Q

What is an active transport?

A

An active transport requires cell energy. Energy is required because it is moving molecules against the concentration greadien.

79
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A
  • Primary active transport - Secondary active transport
80
Q

Whats amylopectin?

A

Other component of starch. - Glucose units are linked in a linear way with alph 1-4 glycosidic linkages. - Branches off of C-6, therefore, also having 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

81
Q

Is amylopectin or amylose more digestable/soluble?

A

Amylopectin has many end points for enzymes to attach onto and is therefore easily digestible and soluble. While amylose has very few alpha 1-6 bons, or even any at all, therefore, it causes amylose to be hydrolysed more slowly but have higher density and be insoluble.

82
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Are specialized proteins involved in defending the body form antigens (forein invaders). They travel thorough the blood stream and surround the antigen to immobilizing it, therefore, white blood cells can eat it.

83
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that fecilitate biochemical reactions. They are often referred to as catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions.

84
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

This is a globular protein that is folded and compacted. It’s spherical shape is useful for maneuvering through blood vessels.

85
Q

Example of enxymatic protein:

A

Digestive enxymes catalyze th ehydrolysis of bond in food molecules.

86
Q

Example of storage protein:

A

Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage protiens in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg whites, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.

87
Q

Example of defensive protein:

A

Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria.

88
Q

Example of transport protein:

A

Hemoglobin, the iron-containin protein of vertebrate blood, tansports oxygen fromt he lungs to other parts of the body.

89
Q

Example of hormonal protein:

A

Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration.

90
Q

Example of receptor protein:

A

Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.

91
Q

Example of contractile and motor protein:

A

Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles.

92
Q

Example of structural protein:

A

Deratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers and other skin appendages. Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cacoons and webs, respectively. Callagen and elastin proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissue.

93
Q

How does the primary structure of a protein dictate its secondary and tertiary structures?

A

If the primary structure forms the backbone, and allows for the building to either be an alpha helix or beta sheet in secondary structure.

94
Q

What are the beta-pleated sheets? What do they do?

A

Polypeptide chains running along side each other. It is called the pleated sheet because of the wave like appearance. They are linked together by hydrogen bonds. It allows for more hydrogen bonding by streching out the polypeptide cahin.

95
Q

What is the alpha helix and how is it formed?

A

It is formed when the polypeptide chains twist into a spiral.

SBI 4U1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions