Basic Chemistry

Question 1

What is an Atom?

Answer 1

The smallest unit of matter that consists of chemical elements.

Question 2

What is a Molecule?

Answer 2

A group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 3

What is an organelle?

Answer 3

A unit within a cell that has a specific function.

Question 4

What is tissue?

Answer 4

Made up by cells. Completes an organelle.

Question 5

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 5

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Question 6

What is a biosphere?

Answer 6

Anywhere on earth that supports life.

Question 7

What is a Eukaryote?

Answer 7

Organisms which contain cells with an enclosed nucleus within membranes.

Question 8

What is a Prokaryote?

Answer 8

A unicellular organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles.

Question 9

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 9

Group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA.

Question 10

What is gene expression?

Answer 10

A process where information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

Question 11

What is a compound?

Answer 11

2 or more elements bound together to build another substance.

Question 12

What is a subatomic particle

Answer 12

Particles smaller than atoms

Question 13

What is an ion?

Answer 13

Group of electrically charged atoms. Formed by the loss or gain of electrons.

Question 14

What is an isotope?

Answer 14

Two or more chemical elements. With the same protons. Same but different.

Question 15

What is potential energy?

Answer 15

Energy held by and object with respect to arrangments of particles.

Question 16

What are chemical bonds?

Answer 16

The lasting attraction between two or more atoms that creates a compound.

Question 17

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 17

Type of bonding that requires electrostatic attracting between opposite charged ions

Question 18

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 18

A type of chemical bonding that requires the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Question 19

What is electronegativity?

Answer 19

It’s the property of an atom that shows the tendency for the atom to attract other elements.

Question 20

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 20

When atoms share a pair of electrons with each other.

Question 21

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 21

When atoms unequally share electrons with each other.

Question 22

What is an anion?

Answer 22

Negatively charged ion.

Question 23

What is a cation?

Answer 23

Positively charged ion.

Question 24

What is chemical equilibrium?

Answer 24

When both the reactant and product are present.

Question 25

How can a 3D orbital arrangement be described?

Answer 25

S = Spherical - holds max 2 e- P = Dumbbell - there are 3 (px, py, pz)

Question 26

Label:

Answer 26

1. 2pz 2. 2py 3. 2px 4. 2s

Question 27

Label:

Answer 27

Question 28

Chemical Activity is based off 3 forces:

Answer 28

1. Electron to be paired with an orbit
2. Charges balanced
3. Outer shell to be filled

Question 29

What are the 2 broad categories of chemical bonding?

Answer 29

Intramolecular Forces (within)

Intermolecular Forces (Between)

Question 30

The difference between electronegativity is important. What are they/what do they determine?

Answer 30

More than 1.6 = Ionic Bond

0.4 - 1.6 = Polare Covalent Bond

Less than 0.4 = Covalent (non-polar)

Question 31

Why do Biological things need non-polar substances?

Answer 31

Because if they were polar membranes they’d fall apart and allow H₂O leakage.

Question 32

The bottom right is the smallest while the top left is the largest atom.

T or F?

Answer 32

False. The bottom left is the smallest while the top right is the largest.

This is due to the mix of the 2 rules.

Question 33

An increase in protons decreases the size of the atom going right on the periodic table.

T or F?

Answer 33

True. The increase also makes the nucleus more positive. Causing an electron to be more attracted to the nucleus.

This, therefore, pulls the orbital in closer.

Question 34

What are bond pairs?

Answer 34

Shared by 2 atoms & are attracted by 2 nuclei. Hence why they occupy less space & less repulsion.

Question 35

What are lone pairs?

Answer 35

Not involved in bond formation & are in attraction with only one nucleus. Hense they occupy more space and cause more repulsion.

Question 36

Label the VSPER chart

Answer 36

Question 37

Describe the information that you can get from the mass and atomic number:

Answer 37

The atomic mass = protons + neurons

The atomic number = # of protons

Question 38

What is an element?

Answer 38

A substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number.

Question 39

What is a compound?

Answer 39

2 or more elements bound together to build another substance. -> ex. H₂O

Question 40

What is a neutral atom?

Answer 40

An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons.

Question 41

Determine the number of each subatomic particle in Na, C, Mg2+ and F1-

Answer 41

Na - Protons (11) Neutrons (12) Electons (11)

C - Protons (6) Neutrons (6) Electons (6)

Mg²⁺ - Protons (12) Neutrons (12) Electons (10)

F^1- - Protons (9) Neutrons (10) Electons (10)

Question 42

What orbital has the lowest chemical energy level? Why?

Answer 42

The outermost orbital level has the least amount of chemical energy. This is due to the lack of repulsion between the nucleus and the electrons.

The farther away from the nucleus you go, the less repulsion there is.