Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that consists of chemical elements.

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2
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

A group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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3
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A unit within a cell that has a specific function.

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4
Q

What is tissue?

A

Made up by cells. Completes an organelle.

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5
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

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6
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

Anywhere on earth that supports life.

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7
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

Organisms which contain cells with an enclosed nucleus within membranes.

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8
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A

A unicellular organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles.

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9
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA.

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10
Q

What is gene expression?

A

A process where information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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11
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more elements bound together to build another substance.

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12
Q

What is a subatomic particle

A

Particles smaller than atoms

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13
Q

What is an ion?

A

Group of electrically charged atoms. Formed by the loss or gain of electrons.

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14
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Two or more chemical elements. With the same protons. Same but different.

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15
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy held by and object with respect to arrangments of particles.

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16
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

The lasting attraction between two or more atoms that creates a compound.

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17
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Type of bonding that requires electrostatic attracting between opposite charged ions

18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A type of chemical bonding that requires the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

19
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

It’s the property of an atom that shows the tendency for the atom to attract other elements.

20
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

When atoms share a pair of electrons with each other.

21
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

When atoms unequally share electrons with each other.

22
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion.

23
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion.

24
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

When both the reactant and product are present.

25
Q

How can a 3D orbital arrangement be described?

A

S = Spherical - holds max 2 e- P = Dumbbell - there are 3 (px, py, pz)

26
Q

Label:

A
  1. 2pz 2. 2py 3. 2px 4. 2s
27
Q

Label:

A
28
Q

Chemical Activity is based off 3 forces:

A
  1. Electron to be paired with an orbit
  2. Charges balanced
  3. Outer shell to be filled
29
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of chemical bonding?

A

Intramolecular Forces (within)

Intermolecular Forces (Between)

30
Q

The difference between electronegativity is important. What are they/what do they determine?

A

More than 1.6 = Ionic Bond

0.4 - 1.6 = Polare Covalent Bond

Less than 0.4 = Covalent (non-polar)

31
Q

Why do Biological things need non-polar substances?

A

Because if they were polar membranes they’d fall apart and allow H2O leakage.

32
Q

The bottom right is the smallest while the top left is the largest atom.

T or F?

A

False. The bottom left is the smallest while the top right is the largest.

This is due to the mix of the 2 rules.

33
Q

An increase in protons decreases the size of the atom going right on the periodic table.

T or F?

A

True. The increase also makes the nucleus more positive. Causing an electron to be more attracted to the nucleus.

This, therefore, pulls the orbital in closer.

34
Q

What are bond pairs?

A

Shared by 2 atoms & are attracted by 2 nuclei. Hence why they occupy less space & less repulsion.

35
Q

What are lone pairs?

A

Not involved in bond formation & are in attraction with only one nucleus. Hense they occupy more space and cause more repulsion.

36
Q

Label the VSPER chart

A
37
Q

Describe the information that you can get from the mass and atomic number:

A

The atomic mass = protons + neurons

The atomic number = # of protons

38
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number.

39
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more elements bound together to build another substance. -> ex. H2O

40
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons.

41
Q

Determine the number of each subatomic particle in Na, C, Mg2+ and F1-

A

Na - Protons (11) Neutrons (12) Electons (11)

C - Protons (6) Neutrons (6) Electons (6)

Mg2+ - Protons (12) Neutrons (12) Electons (10)

F1- - Protons (9) Neutrons (10) Electons (10)

42
Q

What orbital has the lowest chemical energy level? Why?

A

The outermost orbital level has the least amount of chemical energy. This is due to the lack of repulsion between the nucleus and the electrons.

The farther away from the nucleus you go, the less repulsion there is.