Chapter 1: Atomic Structure

Question 1

Who and when invented the idea of elements

Answer 1

Robert Boyle, 1661

Question 2

Who and When theorised that elements are composed of invisible atoms.

Answer 2

John Dalton, 1803

Question 3

When and who discovered the plum pudding model.

Answer 3

Henri Belquerel, 1896. This model was created due to him discovering radioactivity.

Question 4

When and who discovered the nucleus model

Answer 4

Ernest Rutherford, 1911. He found out the center of an atom was positive.

Question 5

What is an isotope?

Answer 5

This is an atom that has the same number of protons and electrons in its nucleus, but a different number of neutrons.

Question 6

Do isotopes of the same element react chemically the same?

Answer 6

Different isotopes of the same element react chemically in the exactly the same way as they have the same electron configuration.

Question 7

What is the mass of a proton?

Answer 7

Relative mass of 1

Question 8

What is the mass of a neutron?

Answer 8

Relative mass of 1

Question 9

What is the mass of an electron?

Answer 9

Relative mass of 1/1840

Question 10

What is the charge of a proton?

Answer 10

Relative charge of +1

Question 11

What is the charge of a neutron?

Answer 11

0

Question 12

What is the charge of an electron?

Answer 12

Relative charge of -1

Question 13

What does a Mass spectrometer do?

Answer 13

It is a piece of equipment that can be used to find relative atomic masses, therefore identifying elements.

Question 14

What is Time Of Flight (TOF)

Answer 14

This is when the substance is turned into positive ions, accelerated to high speeds and hits a detector.

Question 15

What are the steps of Time of Flight?

Also can you explain these 6 steps?

Answer 15

-Vaccum, Stops ions from coliding with the air.

-Ionisation, Samples are dissolved and forced through a fine hollow needle with eletric current flowing though it. This creats the postive Ion.

-Acceleration, The postive ions are attracted to the negitive plate, there speed is dependent on how heavy they are.

-Ion drift, Ions go through a hole in the negitive plate, creating a beam.

-Detection, The postive ions pick up electrons on the detector which causes a current.

-Data analysis, The signal is sent to a PC and creats a mass spectrum graph.

Question 16

Interperate what this mass spectrum graph shows

Answer 16

This graph is the mass spectrum for copper.

On the Y (vertical) axis is abundance measured in %,

on the X (horizontal) axis is mass/charge. Which is the mass of the particle divided by the charge.

Closer to the origin are two peaks at 31.5 and 32.5, and further along are two peaks which are double this. Therefore the 31.5 must be a Cu2+.

Question 17

What is the electron configuration of gallium?

(31 Ga 69)

Answer 17

1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10, 4s^2, 4p^1

Question 18

Name 3 types of elctron orbitals.

Answer 18

s-Orbitals

p-Orbitals

d-orbitals

Question 19

What is ionization energy?

Answer 19

It is the energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms

Also known as IE

Question 20

What are the first 3 successive ionzation energies of sodium?

Answer 20

Na(g) → Na+(g) + e-

Na+(g) → Na2+(g) + e-

Na2+(g) → Na3+(g) + e-

Question 21

Why does the Ionization energy increase each time you remove 1 electron?

Answer 21

One factor is that the atomic size decreases.

The second factor is that the nuclear charge becomes more positive. When the atom is more positive it becomes harder to remove the negitive electrons.