Chapter 1: Atomic Structure Flashcards
Who and when invented the idea of elements
Robert Boyle, 1661
Who and When theorised that elements are composed of invisible atoms.
John Dalton, 1803
When and who discovered the plum pudding model.
Henri Belquerel, 1896. This model was created due to him discovering radioactivity.
When and who discovered the nucleus model
Ernest Rutherford, 1911. He found out the center of an atom was positive.
What is an isotope?
This is an atom that has the same number of protons and electrons in its nucleus, but a different number of neutrons.
Do isotopes of the same element react chemically the same?
Different isotopes of the same element react chemically in the exactly the same way as they have the same electron configuration.
What is the mass of a proton?
Relative mass of 1
What is the mass of a neutron?
Relative mass of 1
What is the mass of an electron?
Relative mass of 1/1840
What is the charge of a proton?
Relative charge of +1
What is the charge of a neutron?
0
What is the charge of an electron?
Relative charge of -1
What does a Mass spectrometer do?
It is a piece of equipment that can be used to find relative atomic masses, therefore identifying elements.
What is Time Of Flight (TOF)
This is when the substance is turned into positive ions, accelerated to high speeds and hits a detector.
What are the steps of Time of Flight?
Also can you explain these 6 steps?
-Vaccum, Stops ions from coliding with the air.
-Ionisation, Samples are dissolved and forced through a fine hollow needle with eletric current flowing though it. This creats the postive Ion.
-Acceleration, The postive ions are attracted to the negitive plate, there speed is dependent on how heavy they are.
-Ion drift, Ions go through a hole in the negitive plate, creating a beam.
-Detection, The postive ions pick up electrons on the detector which causes a current.
-Data analysis, The signal is sent to a PC and creats a mass spectrum graph.
Interperate what this mass spectrum graph shows
This graph is the mass spectrum for copper.
On the Y (vertical) axis is abundance measured in %,
on the X (horizontal) axis is mass/charge. Which is the mass of the particle divided by the charge.
Closer to the origin are two peaks at 31.5 and 32.5, and further along are two peaks which are double this. Therefore the 31.5 must be a Cu2+.
What is the electron configuration of gallium?
(31 Ga 69)
1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10, 4s^2, 4p^1
Name 3 types of elctron orbitals.
s-Orbitals
p-Orbitals
d-orbitals
What is ionization energy?
It is the energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms
Also known as IE
What are the first 3 successive ionzation energies of sodium?
Na(g) → Na+(g) + e-
Na+(g) → Na2+(g) + e-
Na2+(g) → Na3+(g) + e-
Why does the Ionization energy increase each time you remove 1 electron?
One factor is that the atomic size decreases.
The second factor is that the nuclear charge becomes more positive. When the atom is more positive it becomes harder to remove the negitive electrons.
