Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What is the skeleton?

Answer 1

• provides a framework for movement

- made up of bones and different joints

Question 2

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 2

When the muscular system and the skeletal system work together to allow movement at joints

Question 3

Flat bones

Answer 3

• Often quite large
• protect vital organs
• pelvis
• cranium
• scapula
• sternum
• ribs
• clavicle (collar bone)
• jaw bone
• talus

Question 4

Long bones

Answer 4

• enable large movements
• femur (thigh bone)
• tibia (shin bone) & fibula
• metatarsals & phalanges (toes)
• radius & ulna
• humerus
• metacarpals & phalanges (fingers)

Question 5

Short bones

Answer 5

• enable finer controlled movements
• tarsals
• carpals

Question 6

Irregular bones

Answer 6

• shaped to protect
• vertebrae (protect spinal cord)
• patella

Question 7

Articulating bones

Answer 7

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

Question 8

Articulating bones at the shoulder

Answer 8

Scapula, clavicle, humerus

Question 9

Articulating bones at the elbow

Answer 9

Humerus, radius, ulna

Question 10

Articulating bones at the hips

Answer 10

Pelvis, femur

Question 11

Articulating bones at the knee

Answer 11

Femur, patella, fibula, tibia

Question 12

Articulating bones at the ankle

Answer 12

Tibia, fibula, talus

Question 13

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 13

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Shape and structure
5. Blood cell production
6. Storage of minerals

Question 14

Support of the skeleton

Answer 14

• Support for muscles and vital organs

- without support the body would be a mass of soft tissue and unable to move

Question 15

Protection of vital organs

Answer 15

-reduces chance of injury during physical activity

Question 16

Movement

Answer 16

• The ability to move is central to all physical activities

- occurs when muscles contract and pull on bones

Question 17

Shape & structure

Answer 17

-maintains basic form of our body and provides something for muscles to attach onto

Question 18

Blood cell production

Answer 18

• takes place in bone marrow
• red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles in aerobic activities
• white blood cells fight off infections

Question 19

Storage of minerals

Answer 19

• essential for major body functions

- general health of an athlete

Question 20

Synovial joints

Answer 20

• An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.
• Found at the shoulder, knee, hip, elbow and ankle

Question 21

Tendon

Answer 21

Join muscle to bone

Non elastic cords

Question 22

Ligament

Answer 22

Join bone to bone

Elastic fibre that keep joints stable by restricting movement

Question 23

Joint capsule

Answer 23

Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds bones together

Question 24

Synovial membrane

Answer 24

The lining inside the joint capsule that releases synovial fluid

Question 25

Synovial fluid

Answer 25

A clue and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together

Question 26

Cartilage

Answer 26

A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction

Question 27

Bursae

Answer 27

A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone

Question 28

Types of synovial joints (freely moveable joints)

Answer 28

1. Hinge

2. Ball and socket

Question 29

Ball and socket joints

Answer 29

• move away from the body and back towards it, can also rotate
• most moveable joint in the body
• hip
• shoulder

Question 30

Hinge joint

Answer 30

• only move in one direction towards and away from each other
• elbow
• knee
• ankle

Question 31

Spirometer trace

Answer 31

Measures air capacity of human lungs

Question 32

Tidal volume

Answer 32

Normal amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled per breath.
Increases with exercise

Question 33

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 33

Amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume.

Decreases during exercise

Question 34

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

Amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume.

Decreases during exercise

Question 35

Residual volume

Answer 35

Amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
No change during exercise

Question 36

Vital capacity

Answer 36

The largest amount of air that can be forcibly expired after deepest inspiration.

Question 37

Ice bath

Answer 37

Help prevent Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Help body flush lactic acid away from working muscles
Coldness causes muscles to constrict forcing lactic acid out
When you get out blood vessels dilate allowing oxygenated blood back in

Question 38

Cool down

Answer 38

Light exercise and gentle stretches
Gradually reduce intensity keeps heart rate up to ensure a quick blow flow
Helps turn lactic acid into glucose, CO2 and water

Question 39

Manipulation of diet

Answer 39

Drink water to rehydrate & replace lost fluids
Carbohydrates loading boost performance & maximise amount of glucose in body
Eat protein after training to build and repair muscle quicker for strength

Question 40

Cardio- respiratory system

Answer 40

The respiratory and cardiovascular system working together. Enables the body to breathe and pump blood

Question 41

Respiratory system

Answer 41

Brings in oxygen to produce energy and enable activity and then gets rid of water products like carbon dioxide

Question 42

Order of the respiratory system

Answer 42

Nose & mouth - trachea - lungs - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli (gaseous exchange)