Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is the skeleton?
- provides a framework for movement
- made up of bones and different joints
Musculoskeletal system
When the muscular system and the skeletal system work together to allow movement at joints
Flat bones
- Often quite large
- protect vital organs
- pelvis
- cranium
- scapula
- sternum
- ribs
- clavicle (collar bone)
- jaw bone
- talus
Long bones
- enable large movements
- femur (thigh bone)
- tibia (shin bone) & fibula
- metatarsals & phalanges (toes)
- radius & ulna
- humerus
- metacarpals & phalanges (fingers)
Short bones
- enable finer controlled movements
- tarsals
- carpals
Irregular bones
- shaped to protect
- vertebrae (protect spinal cord)
- patella
Articulating bones
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement
Articulating bones at the shoulder
Scapula, clavicle, humerus
Articulating bones at the elbow
Humerus, radius, ulna
Articulating bones at the hips
Pelvis, femur
Articulating bones at the knee
Femur, patella, fibula, tibia
Articulating bones at the ankle
Tibia, fibula, talus
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Shape and structure
- Blood cell production
- Storage of minerals
Support of the skeleton
- Support for muscles and vital organs
- without support the body would be a mass of soft tissue and unable to move
Protection of vital organs
-reduces chance of injury during physical activity
Movement
- The ability to move is central to all physical activities
- occurs when muscles contract and pull on bones
Shape & structure
-maintains basic form of our body and provides something for muscles to attach onto
Blood cell production
- takes place in bone marrow
- red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles in aerobic activities
- white blood cells fight off infections
Storage of minerals
- essential for major body functions
- general health of an athlete
Synovial joints
- An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.
- Found at the shoulder, knee, hip, elbow and ankle
Tendon
Join muscle to bone
Non elastic cords
Ligament
Join bone to bone
Elastic fibre that keep joints stable by restricting movement
Joint capsule
Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds bones together
Synovial membrane
The lining inside the joint capsule that releases synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
A clue and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together
Cartilage
A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction
Bursae
A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone
Types of synovial joints (freely moveable joints)
- Hinge
2. Ball and socket
Ball and socket joints
- move away from the body and back towards it, can also rotate
- most moveable joint in the body
- hip
- shoulder
Hinge joint
- only move in one direction towards and away from each other
- elbow
- knee
- ankle
Spirometer trace
Measures air capacity of human lungs
Tidal volume
Normal amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled per breath.
Increases with exercise
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume.
Decreases during exercise
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume.
Decreases during exercise
Residual volume
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
No change during exercise
Vital capacity
The largest amount of air that can be forcibly expired after deepest inspiration.
Ice bath
Help prevent Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Help body flush lactic acid away from working muscles
Coldness causes muscles to constrict forcing lactic acid out
When you get out blood vessels dilate allowing oxygenated blood back in
Cool down
Light exercise and gentle stretches
Gradually reduce intensity keeps heart rate up to ensure a quick blow flow
Helps turn lactic acid into glucose, CO2 and water
Manipulation of diet
Drink water to rehydrate & replace lost fluids
Carbohydrates loading boost performance & maximise amount of glucose in body
Eat protein after training to build and repair muscle quicker for strength
Cardio- respiratory system
The respiratory and cardiovascular system working together. Enables the body to breathe and pump blood
Respiratory system
Brings in oxygen to produce energy and enable activity and then gets rid of water products like carbon dioxide
Order of the respiratory system
Nose & mouth - trachea - lungs - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli (gaseous exchange)
