Chapter 1

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific study of the mind, brain and behaviour

Question 2

What are the Levels of Analysis?

Answer 2

Social Culture Influences
Psychological
Biological

Question 3

What are the 5 main challenges?

Answer 3

1. Human behaviour is difficult to predict
2. Psychological influences are rarely independent
3. Individual differences among people
4. People influence one another
5. Behavior is shaped by culture

Question 4

What is emic?

Answer 4

(within) member of culture when studying, makes biased

Question 5

What is etic?

Answer 5

(external) non member of culture when studying, struggles for understanding

Question 6

What is naive realism?

Answer 6

“seeing is believing” yet, appearances are deceiving

Question 7

What is a scientific theory?

Answer 7

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Question 8

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 8

A testable prediction

Question 9

What are the misconceptions?

Answer 9

A theory explains just one event

A theory is just an educated guess

Question 10

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 10

Seeking evidence that supports a hypothesis, while neglecting contradicting evidence

Question 11

What is belief perseverance?

Answer 11

Sticking to our initial beliefs even when evidence is contradictory

Question 12

What is the “don’t confuse me with the facts” bias?

Answer 12

Believing something even when proven wrong

Question 13

What are metaphysical claims?

Answer 13

Assertions about the world that are not testable ex) Gods, ghosts, life after death

Question 14

What is Pseudoscience?

Answer 14

Set of claims that seem scientific but lack defenses from bias

Question 15

What are the warning signs for pseudoscience?

Answer 15

1. Over reliance on anecdotes
2. Lack of self-correction
3. Ad hoc hypothesis adjustments
4. Talk of “proof” instead of “evidence”

Question 16

What are ad hoc hypothesis?

Answer 16

escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification

Question 17

What is Patternicity?

Answer 17

Tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli

Question 18

What is terror management theory?

Answer 18

Our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with.
Reminders of our death can lead us to adopt comforting world views

Question 19

What is the antidote for pseudoscience?

Answer 19

Think scientifically, separate science from pseudoscience

Question 20

What is emotional reasoning fallacy?

Answer 20

Using emotions rather than evidence

Question 21

What is bandwagon fallacy?

Answer 21

Lots of people believe it so it must be true

Question 22

What is not me fallacy?

Answer 22

Error of believing that we’re immune to bias

Question 23

What are the dangers of pseudoscience?

Answer 23

1. Opportunity cost
2. Direct harm
3. Blocks scientific thinking

Question 24

What is scientific thinking?

Answer 24

willingness to keep an open mind to all claims and accept claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests

Question 25

What are the 6 principles to critical thinking?

Answer 25

1. Ruling out rival hypotheses 2. Correlation isn't causation 3. Falsifiability 4. Replicability 5. Extraordinary claims 6. Occam's razor or KISS

Question 26

What is introspection?

Answer 26

Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

Question 27

What are the 5 primary schools of thought?

Answer 27

1. Structuralism 2. Functionalism 3. Cognitivism 4. Behaviorism 5. Psychoanalysis

Question 28

What is structuralism?

Answer 28

Identify the most fundamental elements of psychological experience. Sought to understand conscience experiences

Question 29

What components made conscience experiences?

Answer 29

1. Sensations 2. Images in your mind 3. Feelings and emotions

Question 30

What is functionalism?

Answer 30

Understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics. Why do we have these thoughts?

Question 31

What is cognitivism?

Answer 31

Understand mental processes underlying thinking in a variety of contexts

Question 32

What is behaviorism?

Answer 32

Uncovering the general laws of learning by focusing on external observable elements. Observes the behavior after information enters our mind

Question 33

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 33

Uncover internal processes we are unaware of. What is going on in our mind that effects our behavior that we are not aware of?

Question 34

What is clinical psychology?

Answer 34

Assess, diagnose and treat people with mental disorders

Question 35

What is counseling psychology?

Answer 35

For those experiencing temporary or situational problems

Question 36

What is school psychology?

Answer 36

Work in schools with teachers, parents and children to overcome learning difficulties, behavioural problems, etc

Question 37

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 37

Most work with infants and children examining how people change over time

Question 38

What is experimental psychology?

Answer 38

Research to understand memory, language, thinking, etc

Question 39

What is biopsychologists?

Answer 39

Physiological bases of behaviour

Question 40

What is forensic psychology?

Answer 40

Assess, diagnose, assist with rehabilitation of prison inmates or research on eyewitnesses or juries

Question 41

What is industrial-organizational psychology?

Answer 41

Help select employees, design equipment for maximum productivity