Chapter 1 Flashcards
PEMDAS
Parenthesis, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction
Cases
The participants in or subjects of a study.
Confounding variable
A third variable in correlational and quasi-experimental designs that is not controlled for and that has an impact on both of the other variables.
Correlational design
A scientific study in which the relationship between two variables is examined without any attempt to manipulate or control them.
Criterion variable
The outcome variable in a correlational design
Dependent variable
The variable where the effect is measured in an experimental or quasi-experimental study.
Descriptive statistic
A summary statement about a set of cases.
Experimental design
A scientific study in which an explanatory variable is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter and the effect is measured in s dependent variable.
Explanatory variable
The variable that causes, predicts, or explains the outcome variable.
Grouping variable
The variable that is the explanatory variable in s quasi-experimental design.
Independent variable
The variable that is controlled by the experimenter in an experimental design.
Inferential statistic
Using observations from a sample to draw conclusions about a population.
Interval-level numbers
Numbers that provide information about how much an attribute is possessed , as well as information about same/different and more/less; interval-level numbers have equality and an arbitrary zero point.
Nominal-level numbers
Numbers used to place cases in categories; numbers are arbitrary and only provide information about same/different.
Ordinal-level numbers
Numbers used to indicate if more or less of an attribute is possessed; numbers provide information about same/different and more/less.
Outcome variable
The variable that is caused, predicted, or influenced by the explanatory variable.
Parameter
A value that summarizes a population
Population
Th larger group of cases a researcher is interested in studying.
Predictor variable
The explanatory variable in a correlational design.
Quasi-experimental design
A scientific study in which cases are classified into naturally occurring groups and then compared in a dependent variable.
Random assignment
Every case has an equal chance of being assigned to either group in an experiment; random assignment is the hallmark of an experiment.
Ratio-level numbers
numbers that have all the attributes of interval-level numbers, plus a real zero point4 numbers that provide information about same/different. More/less, how much an attribute is possessed , and that can be used to calculate a proportion.
Sample
A group of cases selected from a population.
Statistic
A value that summarizes data from a sample.
Statistics
Techniques used to summarize data in order to answer questions.
Variables
Characteristics measured by researchers.
