Chapter 1

Question 1

systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death. involves: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developments.

Answer 1

Human Development

Question 2

involves systematic changes and continuities between conception and death. (Birth to death) chronological order.

Answer 2

Life Span Development

Question 3

pg 29, has to do with time and amount; are changes in degree and indicate continuity

Answer 3

Quantitative Change

Question 4

changes in kin that suggest discontinuity

Answer 4

Qualitative Change

Question 5

the growth of the body and its organs, the functions of physiological systems, the appearance of physical signs of aging, the change in motor abilities, and so on.

Answer 5

Physical development

Question 6

the changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and the mental processes. thinking skills

Answer 6

cognitive development

Question 7

the changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger society.

Answer 7

psychological development

Question 8

the position people hold in society based on such factors as income, education, and occupation status and prestige of neighborhoods.

Answer 8

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 9

children who have a higher than normal chance or either short-term or long-term problems because of genetic defects, prenatal hazards, or prenatal damage, hereditary or environmental, home abuse

Answer 9

Risk factors/At Risk

Question 10

the sense of personal identification to certain values and cultural traditions

Answer 10

Ethnic group

Question 11

a social system constructively people in a particular culture or society

Answer 11

Social Construction

Question 12

ancestor to descendant through the genes

Answer 12

Heredity

Question 13

events or conditions outside the person that are presumed to influence and be influenced by the individual

Answer 13

Environment

Question 14

development changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience

Answer 14

Maturation

Question 15

a family unit consisting of husband-father, wife-mother, and at least one child

Answer 15

Nuclear family

Question 16

a family unit composed of parents and children living with other kin such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or a combination of these.

Answer 16

Extended family

Question 17

a system of meaning shared by a population of people transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 17

Culture

Question 18

expected life events that occur at customary times.

Answer 18

Normative

Question 19

life events that occur at unexpected times that are unusual (both have a major impact on development.)

Answer 19

Non-normative

Question 20

a time of crisis or turning point in life

Answer 20

Critical Period

Question 21

a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from a person’s experience or practice.

Answer 21

Learning

Question 22

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities

Answer 22

Adolescence

Question 23

the huge generation of people born between 1946 (the close of WWII) and 1964

Answer 23

Baby Boom Generation

Question 24

the study of aging and old age.

Answer 24

Gerontology

Question 25

the idea that the mind of an infant is a “blank slate” and that all knowledge, abilities, behaviors, and motives are acquired through experience.

Answer 25

Tabula Rasae

Question 26

the theoretical perspective associated with Freud and his followers that emphasizes unconscious motivations for behavior, conflicts, within the personality, and stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 26

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 27

learning that results for observing the behavior of the people; emphasized in Bandura’s social cognitive theory.

Answer 27

Observational Learning

Question 28

a cognitive developmental theory that lays out 4 universal, invariant stages in which children actively construct increasingly complex understandings by interacting with their environments. 4 stages: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operations, and Formal Operations

Answer 28

Piaget’s Theory

Question 29

the process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is a pleasant event.

Answer 29

Positive Reinforcement

Question 30

the process in operant conditioning whereby in which a response is strengthened or Meade are probable when its consequence is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus from the situation.

Answer 30

Negative Reinforcement