Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the features of living organisms?

Answer 1

• display order
• harness and utilize energy
• establish homeostasis
• respond to environment
• replicate/reproduce
• evolve

Question 2

Five Foundations of Life

Answer 2

• chemical
• cellular
• energy
• genetic
• evolutionary

Question 3

Why are we based in carbon rather than silicon?`

Answer 3

• C-C bonds are stronger than Si-Si bonds
• more energy released on combustion of C-C bonds
• combustion products of C are soluble and remain active in the biosphere (CO2)

Question 4

Structure dictates…

Answer 4

function

Question 5

conformation

Answer 5

flexible spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule and can be changed without breaking bonds

Question 6

configuration

Answer 6

fixed spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule; cannot be changed w/o breaking bonds

Question 7

configurations are conferred by either:

Answer 7

double bonds (no freedom of rotation) or chiral centres

Question 8

geometric cis-trans isomers

Answer 8

have the same chemical formula, but differ in arrangement WRT double bonds

Question 9

cis

Answer 9

groups on the same side of double bond

Question 10

trans

Answer 10

groups on opposite sides of double bond

Question 11

chiral carbons

Answer 11

-have four different substituents attached which can be arranged to yield 2 stereoisomers that differ in configuration

Question 12

stereroisomers

Answer 12

non-superimposable molecules that differ in configuration at a chiral center

Question 13

enantiomers

Answer 13

stereoisomers that form mirror images and rotate the plane in equal, but opposite directions

Question 14

diastereomers

Answer 14

stereoisomers not mirror images

Question 15

in vitro

Answer 15

study outside the cell/organism

Question 16

in vivo

Answer 16

studies within the cell/organism

Question 17

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

total amount of energy in the universe remains constant although the forms may change

Question 18

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 18

the tendency of nature is toward greater disorder

Question 19

delta G > 0

Answer 19

non spontaneous, needs input of free energy ; endergonic

Question 20

delta G < 0

Answer 20

spontaneous, releases free energy, exergonic

Question 21

delta G = 0

Answer 21

equilibrium; no change in free energy

Question 22

energy coupling

Answer 22

by coupling energy requiring (endergonic) reactions to energy releasing (exergonic), cells can drive unfavourable reactions

Question 23

ATP serves as the link between…

Answer 23

catabolic and anabolic reactions

Question 24

the amino acid _______ dictates structure, and structure dictates _________. of protein.

Answer 24

sequence, biological activity