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HSCI 2215 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Major causes of injury

A

Traffic collisions, drowning, poisoning, falls, burns, violence from assault, self-inflicted violence or acts of war.

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2
Q

% of global mortality due to injury

A

9

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3
Q

A large proportion of people surviving their injuries incurs…

A

Temporary or permanent disabilities

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4
Q

Disability

A

And umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.

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5
Q

Impairment

A

Problem in body function or structure

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6
Q

Activity limitation

A

Difficultly encountered by an individual in executing a task or action

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7
Q

Participation restriction

A

Problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. These are imposed by society/communities.

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8
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely thousands of disease or infirmary.

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9
Q

The World Health Organization (WHO)

A

A specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health.

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10
Q

The world health organization was established on what date?

A

April 7, 1948

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11
Q

Where is the headquarters for the world health organization?

A

Geneva, Switzerland

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12
Q

How many members does the world health organization currently have?

A

193 members

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13
Q

What are the six geographical regions that the world health organization uses?

A
  • African Region
  • Region of the Americas
  • South East Asia Region
  • European Region
  • Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Western Pacific Region
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14
Q

The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF)

A

The World Health Organization’s framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels.

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15
Q

Both unintentional and intentional injuries are viewed as largely…

A

Preventable events

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16
Q

What percent of road accidents are caused by human error?

A

Most. 90% of road accidents.

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17
Q

Three levels of prevention

A

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

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18
Q

Primary prevention

A

To prevent risk

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19
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Prevention at the first stages of disease

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20
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Prevention once disease has already happened. Same as treatment or rehabilitation.

21
Q

Is the global estimate for disability on the rise or decreasing, and why?

A

Disability is on the rise (globally).

Due to: population aging, chronic diseases, improvements in the methodologies used to measure disability.

22
Q

Cardiovascular disease behavioral and biological risk factors

A

Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, high blood LDL, high blood pressure, overweight

23
Q

Prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease

A
  • Regular physical activity
  • Avoid tobacco use and secondhand smoke
  • Eat diet rich in fruits and vegetables
  • Avoid foods high in fat, sugar, and salt
  • Healthy body weight
24
Q

Prevention strategies for cancer

A
  • Increase avoidance of the risk factors
  • Vaccinate against HPV and HBV
  • Control occupational hazards
  • Reduce exposure to sunlight
25
Q

Overall mortality is divided into three broad groups of causes, what are they?

A

Group 1: communicable diseases, maternal causes, conditions arising in the perinatal period, and nutritional deficiencies
Group 2: noncommunicable diseases
Group 3: intentional and unintentional injuries

26
Q

What group of overall mortality is the main cause of death and disability?

A

Group 2: noncommunicable diseases

27
Q

How many more men die as a result of injury than women?

A

Twice as many.

28
Q

What are the leading causes of death for the very young?

A

Group 1 diseases, infectious disease.

29
Q

What age range do injuries affect the most?

A

15 to 44 years

30
Q

Types of intentional injuries

A
  • Self-inflicted injuries
  • Interpersonal violence
  • War related injuries
  • Other intentional injuries (e.g. due to legal intervention)
31
Q

Men have higher rates of injury, except for…?

A

Injury by fire, because there are lots of places in the world where women cook over open fire.

32
Q

Most accurate way to compare data?

A

Rates and allow you to compare two countries regardless of population.

33
Q

Unit to measure burden of disease

A

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)

34
Q

What does DALYs account for?

A

The years of life lost from premature death plus the years of life lived with disability.

35
Q

DALYs equation

A

DALY = YLD + YLD

36
Q

Ideal life expectancy

A

80 for men, 82 for women.

37
Q

Range of disability ratings

A

0-1

38
Q

Top 3 causes of DALYs

A 
#1: road traffic injuries
#2: falls
#3 self inflicted violence
39
Q

What regions have the highest total number of injury related deaths (injury-related mortality)?

A 
#1 South East Asia
#2 Western Pacific
40
Q

What regions have the highest total number of DALYs caused by injury?

A 
#1: Southeast Asia 
#2: Western Pacific
41
Q

What region has the highest injury related mortality rates?

A

Europe, in lower middle income countries.

42
Q

Injuries account for what percent of the world’s burden of disease?

A

12%

43
Q

What is the leading cause of injury related deaths worldwide?

A

Road traffic injuries

44
Q

What percent of the world’s death from injuries occur in low and middle income countries?

A

90%

45
Q

Young people between the ages of 15 and 44 represent what percent of the world’s injury related mortality?

A

50%

46
Q

Mortality from road traffic injuries and interpersonal violence in males is how much higher than in females?

A

Three times higher

47
Q

Injury

A

Damage to the body caused by acute exposure to physical agents, such as mechanical energy, heat, electricity, chemicals and ionizing radiation.

48
Q

What group has the highest rate of mortality from injuries?

A

Men

HSCI 2215 (7 decks)

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