Chapter 1 Flashcards by marilee welch

Major causes of injury

Traffic collisions, drowning, poisoning, falls, burns, violence from assault, self-inflicted violence or acts of war.

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% of global mortality due to injury

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A large proportion of people surviving their injuries incurs…

Temporary or permanent disabilities

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Disability

And umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.

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Impairment

Problem in body function or structure

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Activity limitation

Difficultly encountered by an individual in executing a task or action

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Participation restriction

Problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. These are imposed by society/communities.

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Health

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely thousands of disease or infirmary.

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The World Health Organization (WHO)

A specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health.

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The world health organization was established on what date?

April 7, 1948

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Where is the headquarters for the world health organization?

Geneva, Switzerland

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How many members does the world health organization currently have?

193 members

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What are the six geographical regions that the world health organization uses?

African Region
Region of the Americas
South East Asia Region
European Region
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Western Pacific Region

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The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF)

The World Health Organization’s framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels.

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Both unintentional and intentional injuries are viewed as largely…

Preventable events

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What percent of road accidents are caused by human error?

Most. 90% of road accidents.

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Three levels of prevention

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

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Primary prevention

To prevent risk

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Secondary prevention

Prevention at the first stages of disease

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Tertiary prevention

Prevention once disease has already happened. Same as treatment or rehabilitation.

Is the global estimate for disability on the rise or decreasing, and why?

Disability is on the rise (globally).

Due to: population aging, chronic diseases, improvements in the methodologies used to measure disability.

Cardiovascular disease behavioral and biological risk factors

Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, high blood LDL, high blood pressure, overweight

Prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease

Regular physical activity
Avoid tobacco use and secondhand smoke
Eat diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Avoid foods high in fat, sugar, and salt
Healthy body weight

Prevention strategies for cancer

Increase avoidance of the risk factors
Vaccinate against HPV and HBV
Control occupational hazards
Reduce exposure to sunlight

Overall mortality is divided into three broad groups of causes, what are they?

Group 1: communicable diseases, maternal causes, conditions arising in the perinatal period, and nutritional deficiencies Group 2: noncommunicable diseases Group 3: intentional and unintentional injuries

What group of overall mortality is the main cause of death and disability?

Group 2: noncommunicable diseases

How many more men die as a result of injury than women?

Twice as many.

What are the leading causes of death for the very young?

Group 1 diseases, infectious disease.

What age range do injuries affect the most?

15 to 44 years

Types of intentional injuries

- Self-inflicted injuries - Interpersonal violence - War related injuries - Other intentional injuries (e.g. due to legal intervention)

Men have higher rates of injury, except for…?

Injury by fire, because there are lots of places in the world where women cook over open fire.

Most accurate way to compare data?

Rates and allow you to compare two countries regardless of population.

Unit to measure burden of disease

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)

What does DALYs account for?

The years of life lost from premature death plus the years of life lived with disability.

DALYs equation

DALY = YLD + YLD

Ideal life expectancy

80 for men, 82 for women.

Range of disability ratings

0-1

Top 3 causes of DALYs

``` #1: road traffic injuries #2: falls #3 self inflicted violence ```

What regions have the highest total number of injury related deaths (injury-related mortality)?

``` #1 South East Asia #2 Western Pacific ```

What regions have the highest total number of DALYs caused by injury?

``` #1: Southeast Asia #2: Western Pacific ```

What region has the highest injury related mortality rates?

Europe, in lower middle income countries.

Injuries account for what percent of the world's burden of disease?

12%

What is the leading cause of injury related deaths worldwide?

Road traffic injuries

What percent of the world's death from injuries occur in low and middle income countries?

90%

Young people between the ages of 15 and 44 represent what percent of the world's injury related mortality?

50%

Mortality from road traffic injuries and interpersonal violence in males is how much higher than in females?

Three times higher

Injury

Damage to the body caused by acute exposure to physical agents, such as mechanical energy, heat, electricity, chemicals and ionizing radiation.

What group has the highest rate of mortality from injuries?

Men