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Sports Science > Chapter 1 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Dendrite

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information

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1
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

Synapse

A

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next

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3
Q

Muscle

A

Contraction provides the force of motion and movement of body cavities and the heart

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4
Q

Axon

A

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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5
Q

Cell body

A

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Motor end plate

A

Flattened end of motor neuron that transmits neuron impulse to muscles

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7
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Striated (stripped) appearance, with nucleus and is controlled involuntary. There is only one area in the body that has these muscles.

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8
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Striated (stripped) appearance, with nucleus and controlled voluntary. These are the muscles attached to bones.

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9
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Smooth appearance, non-striated, with nucleus and controlled involuntary. Found in the walls of hallow organs such as the stomach, esophagus, bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels.

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10
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle

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11
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

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12
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

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13
Q

Myofibril

A

Collectively arranged in longitudinal bundles in muscle cells (fibers); composed of thin filaments of actin and a regulatory protein and thick filaments of myosin

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14
Q

Myofilaments

A

Bundles of protein filaments

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15
Q

Actin

A

Force and movement are produced by the binding of the thick and thin filaments. This filament is the thin filaments.

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16
Q

Myosin

A

A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber. This is the thick filament.

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

A contracting unit of muscles; these are lined up end to end to form a myofibril. They contract and shorten the muscle.

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18
Q

Z line

A

The end of each sarcomere is signified with this type if line

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19
Q

I band

A

The section of the sarcomere which only has the thin, actin filaments present

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20
Q

A band

A

The area where both myosin and actin filaments are present in the sarcomere

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21
Q

Lumbar spine

A

5 vertebrae that make up the lower back

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22
Q

Ulna

A

Inner and larger bone of the forearm attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger

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23
Q

Radius

A

Bone in forearm on the thumb side larger in the proximal forearm

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24
Q

Metatarsals

A

Bones of the foot between ankle and toes

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25
Q

Metacarpals

A

The palm section of your hand

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26
Q

Tibia

A

Larger of two lower leg bones

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27
Q

Fibula

A

Smallest bone of the lower leg

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28
Q

Femur

A

Largest and strongest long bone in the body located on the upper leg

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29
Q

How many types of bones do you have?

A

4

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30
Q

Describe long bones

A

Are compact with spongy areas longer than they are wide

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31
Q

Describe short bones

A

Mostly spongy and cube like, compact bones provide a thin surface layer

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32
Q

Which bones are long bones?

A

All bones of limbs- includes metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges, except wrist, ankle, and patella

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33
Q

Example of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle, tarsals of the foot, carpals of the hand

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34
Q

Describe flat bones

A

2 parallel compact bone surfaces with spongy layer in between

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35
Q

Example of flat bones

A

Sternum, scapula, ribs, and cranium

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36
Q

Are your facial bones flat bones?

A

Non

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37
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Mainly spongy with compact bone as covering

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38
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Facial bones, hip, sacrum, vertebrae and coccyx

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39
Q

Where is your coccyx?

A

Small part of sacrum

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40
Q

Trapezius

A

A triangular-shaped muscle located on the posterior neck and upper back that move the head and shoulder blade

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41
Q

Deltoid

A

Each of the three parts of the muscle attached at the front, side, and rear of the shoulder

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42
Q

Erector spinae

A

A large muscle that originates near the sacrum and extends vertically up the length of the back. It also lies on each side of the vertebral column

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43
Q

Triceps brachii

A

The large muscle at the back of the upper arm

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44
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Either a pair of large, roughly triangular muscles covering the lower part of the back, extending from the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae to the armpits

45
Q

External oblique

A

The largest abdominal muscle and is situated to the side front of the stomach. It extends from the lowest rib down to the upper portion of the hips

46
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

The largest of three muscles in each buttock that move the thigh

47
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

The main muscles in the back if the thigh that helps to flex the leg. Makes up part of the hamstring

48
Q

Semitendinosus

A

The superficial medial hamstring muscle of the thigh. Makes up part of the hamstrings.

49
Q

Semimembranosus

A

Deep hamstring muscle of the thigh. Makes up part of the hamstrings.

50
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

The chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles’ tendon from two heads attached to the femur.

51
Q

Soleus

A

A broad muscle in the lower calf, below the gastrocnemius, that flexes the foot to point the toes downward.

52
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the front upper chest.

53
Q

Biceps brachii

A

The large muscle in the upper arm that turns the hand to face palm uppermost and flexes the arm and forearm.

54
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Each of a pair of long flat muscles at the front of the abdomen, joining the sternum to the pubis and acting to bend the whole body foreword or sideways.

55
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Two muscle (the iliac is and psoas major) that run from the lumbar portion of the vertebral column to the femur. The main action it to flex the thigh at the hip joint.

56
Q

Rectus femoris

A

One of the four quadriceps femoris muscles that sits in the middle of the front of the thigh. It is responsible for knee extension and hip flexion.

57
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

One of the quadriceps femoris muscle’s four muscle divisions that’s further away from the midline of the body. It occupies the sides and the from of the thigh.

58
Q

Vastus medialis

A

One of the quadriceps femoris muscle’s four muscle divisions that’s closer to the midline of the body. It occupies the sides and the front of the thigh.

59
Q

Sartorius

A

A long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside of the leg below the knee.

60
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

An elongated, spindle-shaped muscle located on the front of the lower leg.

61
Q

What are the three properties of the muscle tissue?

A

Contractility, extensibility, elasticity

62
Q

What is contractility?

A

The ability of a muscle to contract and generate force when stimulated by a nerve.

63
Q

What is extensibility?

A

The ability of the muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting state

64
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability to return its original testing length after the stretch is removed

65
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

(The second layer within muscle) a whispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

66
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

The smaller covering layer in the muscle, surrounds a group of muscle fibers in a muscle and forms a fascicle

67
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

Long and cylindrical shapes lying next to each other like long strands

68
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Myofibrils arranged into units. Bands of contractile proteins called actin and myosin that are used for muscle contraction

69
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in myofibrils due to increased exercise

70
Q

Define atrophy

A

Decrease in myofibrils due to the muscle not being used

71
Q

What does a motor neuron do?

A

Bring impulse from the CNS to the muscles

72
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Stimulate muscle to contract and produce force, an example is acetylcholine

73
Q

Abduction

A

(Physiology) moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body

74
Q

Adduction

A

(Physiology) moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

75
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb at the far end

76
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot

77
Q

Plantar flexion

A

The toes point downwards to the ground

78
Q

Elevation

A

Occurs when a structure moves in a superior (towards head) manner. Ex. closing your mouth/elevating the shoulders.

79
Q

Depression

A

Movement is inferior (towards feet). Ex. opening your mouth/lowering the shoulders

80
Q

Extension

A

Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb. When the angle increases in size.

81
Q

Flexion

A

Act if bending a joint. When the angle decreases in size.

82
Q

Pronation

A

Rotating the hand so the palm faces down

83
Q

Supination

A

Rotating the hand so the palm faces up

84
Q

Rotation

A

Circular movement around an axis

85
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot toward the midline

86
Q

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline

87
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

Parts near the skeletal axis, skull, vertebrae column, ribs, and sternum

88
Q

What is your appendicular skeleton made of?

A

Consists of upper and lower extremities, eg arms and legs, hands and feet, shoulder girdle, etc

89
Q

Is your skull axial or appendicular?

A

Axial

90
Q

What are the functions of the skull?

A

To protect the brain

91
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the vertebral column?

A

To support the weight of your head and trunk, protect spinal cord, let spinal nerve to exit, provide sites for muscle attachment, permit movement of your head/trunk

92
Q

The thoracic vertebra is also known as the…

A

Rib cage

93
Q

What does your thoracic area of the vertebra do?

A

Protects vital organs, forms the chamber that is mobile and flexible enough to increase and decrease during breathing

94
Q

Where is your clavicle?

A

Near your neck and shoulder and the top if the rib cage

95
Q

Where is your scapula?

A

On your upper back, these wing shaped bones are located

96
Q

Which bones make up the arm

A

The humerus, ulna and radius

97
Q

Where/what is your humerus?

A

Goes from the shoulder to the elbow

98
Q

How many bones make up the forearm? Names?

A

2 bones - ulna and radius

99
Q

Where is your ulna?

A

In the medial side/little finger side

100
Q

Where is your radius?

A

On the lateral side/thumb side

101
Q

Where are your carpal bones?

A

The bottom of your hand, metacarpals are attached to the carpals and the phalanges are the ends of your fingers

102
Q

What makes up your pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

103
Q

How many bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

3

104
Q

What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle and where are they?

A

Ilium- bones hips that stick out the too (or elephant ears), ischium-pretzel looking structure you sit on, and the pubis at the front

105
Q

What is the bone in the thigh?

A

Femur

106
Q

How many bones in the lower leg? Names?

A

2- tibia and fibula

107
Q

Are the bone in your foot tarsals or carpals?

A

Tarsals

108
Q

Which bones form the arch of the foot?

A

Metatarsals

109
Q

What us the main function of the axial skeleton?

A

To provide protection for important strictures

110
Q

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement

Sports Science (4 decks)

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