Chapter 1 & 4 Flashcards
Dendrite
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information
Neuron
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next
Muscle
Contraction provides the force of motion and movement of body cavities and the heart
Axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Cell body
Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm
Motor end plate
Flattened end of motor neuron that transmits neuron impulse to muscles
Cardiac muscles
Striated (stripped) appearance, with nucleus and is controlled involuntary. There is only one area in the body that has these muscles.
Skeletal muscles
Striated (stripped) appearance, with nucleus and controlled voluntary. These are the muscles attached to bones.
Smooth muscles
Smooth appearance, non-striated, with nucleus and controlled involuntary. Found in the walls of hallow organs such as the stomach, esophagus, bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels.
Epimysium
Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
Myofibril
Collectively arranged in longitudinal bundles in muscle cells (fibers); composed of thin filaments of actin and a regulatory protein and thick filaments of myosin
Myofilaments
Bundles of protein filaments
Actin
Force and movement are produced by the binding of the thick and thin filaments. This filament is the thin filaments.
Myosin
A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber. This is the thick filament.
Sarcomere
A contracting unit of muscles; these are lined up end to end to form a myofibril. They contract and shorten the muscle.
Z line
The end of each sarcomere is signified with this type if line
I band
The section of the sarcomere which only has the thin, actin filaments present
A band
The area where both myosin and actin filaments are present in the sarcomere
Lumbar spine
5 vertebrae that make up the lower back
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
Radius
Bone in forearm on the thumb side larger in the proximal forearm
Metatarsals
Bones of the foot between ankle and toes
Metacarpals
The palm section of your hand
Tibia
Larger of two lower leg bones
Fibula
Smallest bone of the lower leg
Femur
Largest and strongest long bone in the body located on the upper leg
How many types of bones do you have?
4
Describe long bones
Are compact with spongy areas longer than they are wide
Describe short bones
Mostly spongy and cube like, compact bones provide a thin surface layer
Which bones are long bones?
All bones of limbs- includes metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges, except wrist, ankle, and patella
Example of short bones
Wrist and ankle, tarsals of the foot, carpals of the hand
Describe flat bones
2 parallel compact bone surfaces with spongy layer in between
Example of flat bones
Sternum, scapula, ribs, and cranium
Are your facial bones flat bones?
Non
Describe irregular bones
Mainly spongy with compact bone as covering
Examples of irregular bones
Facial bones, hip, sacrum, vertebrae and coccyx
Where is your coccyx?
Small part of sacrum
Trapezius
A triangular-shaped muscle located on the posterior neck and upper back that move the head and shoulder blade
Deltoid
Each of the three parts of the muscle attached at the front, side, and rear of the shoulder
Erector spinae
A large muscle that originates near the sacrum and extends vertically up the length of the back. It also lies on each side of the vertebral column
Triceps brachii
The large muscle at the back of the upper arm
Latissimus Dorsi
Either a pair of large, roughly triangular muscles covering the lower part of the back, extending from the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae to the armpits
External oblique
The largest abdominal muscle and is situated to the side front of the stomach. It extends from the lowest rib down to the upper portion of the hips
Gluteus Maximus
The largest of three muscles in each buttock that move the thigh
Biceps Femoris
The main muscles in the back if the thigh that helps to flex the leg. Makes up part of the hamstring
Semitendinosus
The superficial medial hamstring muscle of the thigh. Makes up part of the hamstrings.
Semimembranosus
Deep hamstring muscle of the thigh. Makes up part of the hamstrings.
Gastrocnemius
The chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles’ tendon from two heads attached to the femur.
Soleus
A broad muscle in the lower calf, below the gastrocnemius, that flexes the foot to point the toes downward.
Pectoralis major
Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the front upper chest.
Biceps brachii
The large muscle in the upper arm that turns the hand to face palm uppermost and flexes the arm and forearm.
Rectus abdominus
Each of a pair of long flat muscles at the front of the abdomen, joining the sternum to the pubis and acting to bend the whole body foreword or sideways.
Iliopsoas
Two muscle (the iliac is and psoas major) that run from the lumbar portion of the vertebral column to the femur. The main action it to flex the thigh at the hip joint.
Rectus femoris
One of the four quadriceps femoris muscles that sits in the middle of the front of the thigh. It is responsible for knee extension and hip flexion.
Vastus lateralis
One of the quadriceps femoris muscle’s four muscle divisions that’s further away from the midline of the body. It occupies the sides and the from of the thigh.
Vastus medialis
One of the quadriceps femoris muscle’s four muscle divisions that’s closer to the midline of the body. It occupies the sides and the front of the thigh.
Sartorius
A long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside of the leg below the knee.
Tibialis Anterior
An elongated, spindle-shaped muscle located on the front of the lower leg.
What are the three properties of the muscle tissue?
Contractility, extensibility, elasticity
What is contractility?
The ability of a muscle to contract and generate force when stimulated by a nerve.
What is extensibility?
The ability of the muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting state
What is elasticity?
The ability to return its original testing length after the stretch is removed
What is the Endomysium?
(The second layer within muscle) a whispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber
What is the Perimysium?
The smaller covering layer in the muscle, surrounds a group of muscle fibers in a muscle and forms a fascicle
What are muscle fibers?
Long and cylindrical shapes lying next to each other like long strands
What are sarcomeres?
Myofibrils arranged into units. Bands of contractile proteins called actin and myosin that are used for muscle contraction
Define hypertrophy
Increase in myofibrils due to increased exercise
Define atrophy
Decrease in myofibrils due to the muscle not being used
What does a motor neuron do?
Bring impulse from the CNS to the muscles
What are neurotransmitters?
Stimulate muscle to contract and produce force, an example is acetylcholine
Abduction
(Physiology) moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body
Adduction
(Physiology) moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb at the far end
Dorsi flexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
Plantar flexion
The toes point downwards to the ground
Elevation
Occurs when a structure moves in a superior (towards head) manner. Ex. closing your mouth/elevating the shoulders.
Depression
Movement is inferior (towards feet). Ex. opening your mouth/lowering the shoulders
Extension
Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb. When the angle increases in size.
Flexion
Act if bending a joint. When the angle decreases in size.
Pronation
Rotating the hand so the palm faces down
Supination
Rotating the hand so the palm faces up
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot toward the midline
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
Parts near the skeletal axis, skull, vertebrae column, ribs, and sternum
What is your appendicular skeleton made of?
Consists of upper and lower extremities, eg arms and legs, hands and feet, shoulder girdle, etc
Is your skull axial or appendicular?
Axial
What are the functions of the skull?
To protect the brain
What are the 5 main functions of the vertebral column?
To support the weight of your head and trunk, protect spinal cord, let spinal nerve to exit, provide sites for muscle attachment, permit movement of your head/trunk
The thoracic vertebra is also known as the…
Rib cage
What does your thoracic area of the vertebra do?
Protects vital organs, forms the chamber that is mobile and flexible enough to increase and decrease during breathing
Where is your clavicle?
Near your neck and shoulder and the top if the rib cage
Where is your scapula?
On your upper back, these wing shaped bones are located
Which bones make up the arm
The humerus, ulna and radius
Where/what is your humerus?
Goes from the shoulder to the elbow
How many bones make up the forearm? Names?
2 bones - ulna and radius
Where is your ulna?
In the medial side/little finger side
Where is your radius?
On the lateral side/thumb side
Where are your carpal bones?
The bottom of your hand, metacarpals are attached to the carpals and the phalanges are the ends of your fingers
What makes up your pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
How many bones make up the pelvic girdle?
3
What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle and where are they?
Ilium- bones hips that stick out the too (or elephant ears), ischium-pretzel looking structure you sit on, and the pubis at the front
What is the bone in the thigh?
Femur
How many bones in the lower leg? Names?
2- tibia and fibula
Are the bone in your foot tarsals or carpals?
Tarsals
Which bones form the arch of the foot?
Metatarsals
What us the main function of the axial skeleton?
To provide protection for important strictures
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
Movement
