Ch. 5 - Skill In Sports Flashcards
Movement time
Time between initiation and completion of the response
Reaction time
The time that elapses between a stimulus and the response to it
Hick’s Law
Reaction time in linearly related to the number of choices the performer has to make
Psychological refractory period
The time delay between the onset of a 2nd stimulus whilst the response to the 1st stimulus is being processed and completed. A dummy or fake in a team game is a good example. It delays the defenders reaction time and therefore response time to your attacking.
Factors affecting response time
Age, experience, fitness, fatigue, illness, pre-occupation, distraction, mood, drugs/medication, alcohol, tobacco, poor vision, anticipation, and poor hearing
Choice reaction time
The reaction time of an individual when a choice has to be made
Response time
The time that elapses between the initial stimulus and the end of the first response to it
Response time equation
Response time = reaction time + movement time
Practice
The act of repeatedly doing something in order to learn
Organisation
Making sure everything is in order and in the correct place
Association
Visualise something in your head so it will help you remember it easier
Clarity
Clearing your mind so it helps you remember
Brevity
Explaining something in only the necessary words
Coding
Using another type of code to remember something
Speed of learning
The quicker a process is learned, the more likely it is to be remembered
Verbal
This type of learner repeats information over and over either aloud or silently
Experienced
Know what to look for through experience
Chunking
This memory improving technique groups together different pieces of information, then remembered as one piece of information
Visual
This type of learner needs to look at information over and over
Meaningfulness
The more meaningful a memory is, the more likely it is to be remembered
Motor
This type of learner needs drawings or performing a sequence of actions repeatedly
Arousal
The more alert you are the more likely you are to chose appropriate cues
Rehearsal
The more memory is rehearsed, the more likely it is that it will be remembered
Over-learning
The more a skill is practiced, even when perfected, the better it will be remembered
Intensity of stimulus
The effectiveness of senses (e.g. short sighted, poor hearing) when detecting, e.g. speed, noise, size/shape and colour
Short term sensory store
Information is stored here for less then 0.5 of a second
Noise
Anything in the environment that is not relevant to your current situation
Long term memory
A memory store that has no capacity limit
Selective attention
An individual focusing on relevant information whilst ignoring irrelevant information
Short term memory
Individuals can hold between 5-9 bits of information in here
Serial skill
Requires a sequence of steps to complete a task eg gymnastics routine or long jump/triple jump
Performance
The externally measurable effort that we can easily observe
Cognitive stage
Beginner - needs to know and think what to do
Motor skill
Observable movement involving the muscles that is aimed at achieving a desired outcome
Gross motor skill
The movement of a large muscle group whilst performing a skill
Open skill
Requires the performance to take into account the environmental factors and respond - is externally paced
Associative stage
Intermediate - understands but needs practice
Closed skill
Occurs in a stable predictable environment - is internally paced
Discrete motor skill
Has a definite beginning and end eg throwing or kicking a ball
Continuous motor skill
Has no definite beginning or end eg running or swimming
Skill acquisition
The study of how a person acquires or develops a skill
Fine motor skill
The movement of a delicate muscle group whilst performing a skill eg hands
Autonomous stage
Advanced - skill is automatic - only few errors
Skill learning
When a permanent change in performance occurs as a result of training or skill practice
Cognitive skill
Ability to think and decide the desired outcome
Co-active skill
Performed with someone else, but with no direct confrontation
Perceptual skill
You must ‘read’ or interrupt to understand the situation. Can include senses to help you
Cognitive skill
A skill that requires a lot of thinking. Success in these activities require this to win, they don’t necessarily need much movement
Motor skill
A movement that doesn’t require much thinking, for example weightlifting
Ability
Traits that we are born with
Skill
Consists in the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy or time
Perceptual - motor skill
This is to interpret and then act
Closed skill
Performed in a more stable and predictable environment
Serial skills
Involves a linking together of skills to form a longer, complex movement
Aiming
Ability to correctly direct an object towards a target
Stamina
Ability of endurance, or an ability to resist fatigue
Multi-limb coordination
Ability to coordinate two or more limbs at one time
Perceptual-motor abilities
Abilities that involve interpreting the environment stimuli and then performing the appropriate motor response
Extent (or static) flexibility
Ability to bend easily in a static position
Explosive strength
Ability to excerpt strength in an explosive movement
Speed of arm movements
Ability which allows fast arm movement
Manual dexterity
Ability to use hands to perform a difficult action with skill and precision
Physical proficiency abilities
Motor abilities you are born with
Kinaesthetic
The use of sense organs in your muscles and other body parts to feel the position and movement of your body
Proprioceptors
Nerve receptors within the body in muscles, joints, etc providing intrinsic information regarding what class of movement is occurring
Senses
Sight, taste, touch, smell, and hearing are the known examples of these
Interceptors
Information from the internal organs if the body, heart, lungs, digestive system, etc
Balance
Being in a stable stance. The inner ear provides Proprioceptive information on this
Exteroceptors
Receptors that receive extrinsic (external) information from outside the body
