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A&P 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds a body makes

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2
Q

Percussion

A

Taps on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening for abnormalities

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3
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Studying multiple species to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.

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4
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye

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5
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic anatomy/ study of tissues

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6
Q

Histopathology

A

Microscopic exam. of tissues for signs of disease

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Study of structure and function of individual cells

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8
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

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9
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Physiology of the nervous system

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10
Q

Endocrinology

A

Physiology of hormones

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11
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanisms of disease

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12
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of medicine/ c. 460- c. 375 BC

Hippocrates Oath

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13
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC / A and P/ introduced reductionism

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14
Q

Claudius Galen

A

C. 130-c. 200/ physician to Roman gladiators/ wrote book on anatomy/ dissection of human cadavers banned

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15
Q

Maimonides

A

Jewish physician 1135-1204/Moses Ben Maimon/ wrote 10 books on medicine

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16
Q

Avicenna

A

Muslim medical scholar/ 980-1037/Ibn Sina/ “the Galen of Islam”/ wrote “The Canon of Medicine”

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17
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

1514-1564 / On the Structure of the Human Body, atlas of anatomy 1543

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18
Q

William Harvey

A

1578-1657 / physiologist/ On the Motion of the Heart- studied blood circulation 1628

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19
Q

Michael Servetus

A

1611-53 / first western scientists to realize that blood must circulate / work represented birth of experimental physiology

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20
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1635-1703 / designed compound microscope 30x- discovered cells

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21
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

1632-1723 / invented simple (single-lens) microscope 200x - discovered microorganisms

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22
Q

Matthias Schleiden / Theodor Schwann

A

1804-81 / botanist // 1810-82 - zoologist // all organisms are composed of cells (cell theory)

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23
Q

Francis Bacon

A

1561-1626 / against biased thinking and for objectivity- see nature and draw conclusions

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24
Q

Rene Descartes

A

1596-1650 / for expanding science beyond and creating new

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25
Q

Scientific method

A

Certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis of one’s observations and conclusions

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26
Q

Inductive method

A

Bacon / process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions

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27
Q

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

A

Investigator asks a Q. and forms a hypothesis (must be: 1. consistent with what is already known 2. capable of being tested (falsifiability means being able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong))

28
Q

Experimental Design

A 
Sample size: adequate # of subjects
Controls: ctrl vs Tx group
Psychosomatic effects: placebos
Experimenter bias: double-blind method so no interference
Statistical Testing:how much diff.=valid
29
Q

Peer Review

A

Yeah

30
Q

Fact

A

Info that can be independent. verified by any trained person … Ex. Iron deficiency leads to anemia

31
Q

Law of nature

A

Generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.

32
Q

Theory

A

Explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

33
Q

Inspection

A

Looking at the body’s appearance, sometimes to diagnose.

34
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1809-82 / On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection’59 / The Descent of Man ‘71

35
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

36
Q

Natural Selection

A

Principal theory of how evolution works: survival of the fittest

37
Q

Selection Pressures

A

Natural forces that promote the success of some individuals more than others: climate, predators, disease, competition, availability of food

38
Q

Adaptations

A

Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment

39
Q

Organism

A

Single, complete individual

40
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs with a unique, collective function. 11 in the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and Reproductive systems.

41
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of 2+ tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.

42
Q

Tissue

A

Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue

43
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive/ enclosed in a plasma membrane (lipids and proteins).

44
Q

Organelle

A

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Ex: mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes (membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes to break down other things)

45
Q

Macromolecules

A

Largest Molecules (2+ atoms) such as proteins, fats, and DNA

46
Q

Reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its similar components

47
Q

Holism

A

The complementary theory to reductionism, stating that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts.

48
Q

Palpitation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands

48
Q

Life: organization

A

Living things exhibit I much higher order of organization than the non-living things around.

49
Q

Life: cellular composition

A

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

50
Q

Life: metabolism

A

Living things take in molecules and chemically change them into things that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them energy; consists of Anabolism (simple –> complex) and Catabolism (complex breaking down).

51
Q

Life: metabolism, cont’d

A

Metabolism requires excretion

52
Q

Life: responsiveness and movement

A

Ability to sense and react to stimuli / responsiveness, irritability, or excitability.

53
Q

Life: Homeostasis

A

Relatively stable internal conditions

54
Q

Live: development

A

1) differentiation: transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells committed to a particular task
2) growth

55
Q

Life: reproduction

A

Living things reproduce.

56
Q

Life: Evolution

A

Genetic change from generation to generation b/c of mutations

57
Q

Life: clinical / legal criterion

A

Brain Waves within 24 hours
Reflexes
Respiration
Heartbeat other than provided by life support

59
Q

Claude Bernard

A

1813-78 / French physiologist / realized the fact of homeostasis

60
Q

Walter Cannon

A

1871-1945 / American physiologist / coined the term homeostasis

61
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Internal state of the body / balanced charge / in which there is a certain Set Point or average value for a given variable (37• C) and conditions slightly fluctuate

62
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Body senses a change in homeostasis and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. / often in feedback loops
Example: vasodilation and vasoconstriction

63
Q

Feedback loop

A

Receptor: senses change in the body
Integrating (control) center: processes info, compares it to other information, and makes a decision
Effector: cell or organ that carries out the correction

64
Q

Positive feedback

A

Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction/ normal way of producing rapid change. Ex: woman going into labor

65
Q

Physiological Gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temp, or other variable between one point and another
Easily flows down gradient
Takes energy to flow up the gradient

66
Q

Eponyms

A

Terms coined from the names of people

67
Q

Gradients, cont’d

A

Concentration
Electrical
Thermal

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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