Chapter 1

Question 1

Cumulative continuity

Answer 1

An important issue in the life-course tradition that focuses on the way in which behavior at one point in life has con-sequences that increase the likelihood of continued behavior. For instance, being labeled a troublemaker early in life may prevent a youth from associating with good kids and increase the likelihood of continued delinquency.

Question 2

Current perspective

Answer 2

In the multidimensional integrative approach, assessing how biological, psychological, and social systems influence current states of affairs.

Question 3

Biography

Answer 3

In the life-course perspective, changes in roles as they are taken up and discarded in the passage from one age group to the next over the course of an individual’s lifetime.

Question 4

Biophysical dimension

Answer 4

The biochemical, cell, organ, and physiological systems that represent the material substance of a person.

Question 5

Crisis theory

Answer 5

A theory for intervention in the crises of people who are having difficulties coping with various stressors and other demands of life.

Question 6

Cultural competency

Answer 6

The values, principles, beliefs, and behaviors that allow professionals to practice effectively cross-culturally.

Question 7

Cumulative continuity

Answer 7

An important issue in the life-course tradition that focuses on the way in which behavior at one point in life has con-sequences that increase the likelihood of continued behavior. For instance, being labeled a troublemaker early in life may prevent a youth from associating with good kids and increase the likelihood of continued delinquency.

Question 8

Life course

Answer 8

A concept and a perspective for looking at developmental issues that takes into account macro contributions to developmental outcomes.

Question 9

Psychological dimension

Answer 9

The systems that contribute to the organization and direction of an individual’s mental processes.

Question 10

Social dimension

Answer 10

The systems of social relationships that the person interacts with individually or in a group.

Question 11

Social environment

Answer 11

All the expectations, motives, and incentives that place limits on behavior and that are constructed by other people who live in a person’s social world.

Question 12

Trajectory

Answer 12

A specific path or line of development followed by a person to a specific life outcome.

Question 13

Transitions

Answer 13

Short-term state changes that are marked by life events.

Question 14

spirituality

Answer 14

Search for purpose, meaning, and connection between self, others, the universe, and ultimate reality; both religious and non-religious expressions

Question 15

life course perspective

Answer 15

assumes that each person’s life has a unique, long-term pattern of stability and change but that shared social and historical contexts produce some commonalities.

Question 16

life span/life cycle theory

Answer 16

focuses on the inner life during age-related stages
psychology based
healthy development depends on the mastery of life tasks at the appropriate time in the sequence
Erikson’s eight stages, each with psychosocial crisis
critique: early theorists saw this model as universal, for all groups of people
fail to deal with historical time

Question 17

Psychological Hypotheses

Answer 17

Cognitive development and information processing; Communication; Attitudes and emotions; Self and identity; Social cognition and regulation; Psychological strengths, hazards, and risk factors

Question 18

Piaget’s Theory of Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 18

Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. (FOUR STAGES= sensorimotor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage)

Question 19

Erikson’s 8 Stages of psychosocial development

Answer 19

Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others.

Question 20

Biophysical Hypotheses

Answer 20

Biophysical growth and development 2. Biophysical strengths, hazards and risk factors