Chapter 1

Question 0

Periods of child development

Answer 0

Periods
Prenatal period - conception to birth (9 months)
Infancy and toddlerhood - birth to 2 years
Early childhood - 2 to 6
Middle childhood - 6 to 11

Question 1

What is child Development?

Answer 1

The process of human development from conception to 18 years of age and includes the domains of physical, cognitive, and social emotional development.

Question 2

Domains of child development

Answer 2

Physical development - motor development and physical health and illness (brain, nervous system, muscle, sense)
Cognitive development - thinking, reasoning, and language development (memory, learning, problem solving, intellegence)
Social/emotional development - changes in emotion, self-concepts, and interpersonal relationships (interaction with others, peer relations)
Personality development - (stability and change of persons characteristics)

Question 3

Themes in Child Development (4)

Answer 3

1. Nature and nurture
2. Continuity and Discontinuity
3. Critical and Sensitive Period
4. Universality and Diversity

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

In child development, theory is an organized set of ideas that are designed to explain and make a prediction about development

Question 5

Psychosexual theory (Freud and Erikson)

Answer 5

Freud-emphasis on sexual drives. The approach to the study of development that state that behavior is motivated by inner forces memories and conflicts which a person has little awareness and control. The stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Id, Ego, Superego.

Question 6

Learning theory (Classical vs Operant)

Answer 6

Classical conditioning: through classical conditioning, adults could mold children’s behavior by controlling stimulus and response (involuntary response)
Operant conditioning: a form of learning in which voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive and negative consequences

Question 7

Social learning theory

Answer 7

Imitation of models
Albert Bandura posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence motor reproduction or direct reinforcement.

Question 8

Jean Piaget - Cognitive Theory
Assimilation
Accommodation

Answer 8

Jean Piaget proposed that all people passed in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development.
Assimilation is the process in which people understand and experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.
Accommodation is the process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or event

Question 9

Information processing theory

Answer 9

Juan Pascual-Leone: working memory
Robbie Case: cognitive processing efficiency
emphasizes that individuals manipulate info monitor it and strategize about it.
Individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills

Question 10

Konrad Lorenz - Imprinting

Answer 10

Imprinting is the rapid, innate learning that occurs within a critical period of time and that involves attachment to the first moving object the infant sees

Question 11

Vygotsky’s contextual perspective

Answer 11

This theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction between members of culture.
Scaffolding: a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance given to the learner’s needs
Zone of proximal development: the difference between what one can do with helo and what one can do alone

Question 12

Dynamic system perspective

Answer 12

• Self-organizing nature of development over time
• Studies by Ester Thelen of reaching behavior
• Different pathways can lead to similar developmental outcomes
• Recent important changes in children’s environments

Question 13

Correlational vs Experimental

Answer 13

Correlational design 
Experimental design 
-independent variable
-dependent variables
-random assignment

Question 14

Longitudinal studies

Answer 14

measuring individual change through a long period of time

Question 15

Cross-sectional study

Answer 15

people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Question 16

Sequential studies

Answer 16

studies in which researchers examines members of a number of different age groups at several points in time

Question 17

Ethics in research

Answer 17

• safety
• informed consent
• do not harm rule
• privacy

Question 18

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 18

Emphasizes on the impact of various aspects of the environment on child development. 
Microsystem 
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem 
Chronosystem

Question 19

Erikson psychosocial

Answer 19

Suggests that developmental change occurs throughout lives in 8 distinct stages. They emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar to all people. They present a crisis or conflict the individual must resolve. Put an emphasis on social environment, social, and contextual issues.
Trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt