Chapter 1

Question 1

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the bod

Answer 2

maturational

Question 3

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with ______ theories.

Answer 3

Ethological

Question 4

Freud’s psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that proper development was a result of appropriately resolved childhood _________

Answer 4

conflicts

Question 5

The moral agent in a child’s personality according to Freud’s theory is the _________

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

Erikson proposed a _______ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages.

Answer 6

Psychosocial theory

Question 7

In the psychodynamic perspective, outcomes of development reflect the__________ and ________ with which influence children surmount life’s barriers.

Answer 7

manner

ease

Question 8

_______ was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development.

Answer 8

Watson or skinner??

Question 9

B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with ________ conditioning.

Answer 9

Operant

Question 10

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called __________

Answer 10

Negative Reinforcment

Question 11

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called a __________

Answer 11

Punishment

Question 12

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of _______ to rewards and punishments.

Answer 12

imitation? self-efficacy?

Question 13

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focused on children’s creation of __________ that help them understand their ____________.

Answer 13

thought

environment

Question 14

Piaget believed that children __________ their theories over time.

Answer 14

test/create

Question 15

_______ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

Answer 15

Lev Vygotsky

Question 16

Modern theories utilize the five major ______ theories because one single theory cannot explain all aspects of development.

Answer 16

Perspective

Question 17

The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether ___ ___ _ ____ is related to ___ ____.

Answer 17

early aspects of development

later asapects

Question 18

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with the roles of ___________ and ____________ play in development.

Answer 18

Biology(nature)

Environment (nurture)

Question 19

John Locke’s views are consistent with a ___________ view of the child.

Answer 19

Passive

Question 20

Research measures that involve watching children’s unprompted behavior in real-life settings are referred to as _____ _______.

Answer 20

Naturalistic Observation

Question 21

One drawback of structured observations is that the contrived ______ of the setting may distort the ___________ of interest.

Answer 21

Situation

Behavior

Question 22

Sampling behavior with task may not really sample the __________ of _________

Answer 22

Behavior

interest

Question 23

A problem with the use of self reports is that children may provide answers that are _____ ___________.

Answer 23

in accurate

incorrect

Question 24

The tendency to select socially acceptable answers is called ______ _______.

Answer 24

Response bias

Question 25

A measure is __________ if the results are ______ over time.

Answer 25

reliable

consistant

Question 26

Correlations can range from ____ to ____

Answer 26

-1.0 too +1.0

Question 27

In a correlation study, it is possible to determine whether two variables are ________, but not whether there is a _____ relationship between the variables.

Answer 27

related

causation

Question 28

In an experimental study, the ______ ________ is manipulated to observe its effects on another variable.

Answer 28

independent variable

Question 29

The variable in an experiment that is observed to see if it changes when another variable is manipulated is called the_________ variable

Answer 29

dependent

Question 30

A weakness of ______ studies is that results may be invalid because of the artificial laboratory setting.

Answer 30

experimental

Question 31

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that subjects drop out, which is called _____ _______.

Answer 31

selective attrition

Question 32

A disadvantage of a ______ ______ approach is that researchers cannot answer questions about the continuity of discontinuity of behavior.

Answer 32

Cross Sectional

Question 33

Differences between age groups resulting from outside events rather than developmental processes are referred to as ___________ effects

Answer 33

cohort

Question 34

_______ ________ is a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

Answer 34

meta analysis

Question 35

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is typically done by a _________ ____________.

Answer 35

review board