Chapter 1 Flashcards
An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a
Theory
________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the bod
maturational
An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with ______ theories.
Ethological
Freud’s psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that proper development was a result of appropriately resolved childhood _________
conflicts
The moral agent in a child’s personality according to Freud’s theory is the _________
Superego
Erikson proposed a _______ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages.
Psychosocial theory
In the psychodynamic perspective, outcomes of development reflect the__________ and ________ with which influence children surmount life’s barriers.
manner
ease
_______ was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development.
Watson or skinner??
B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with ________ conditioning.
Operant
A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called __________
Negative Reinforcment
A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called a __________
Punishment
Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of _______ to rewards and punishments.
imitation? self-efficacy?
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focused on children’s creation of __________ that help them understand their ____________.
thought
environment
Piaget believed that children __________ their theories over time.
test/create
_______ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.
Lev Vygotsky
Modern theories utilize the five major ______ theories because one single theory cannot explain all aspects of development.
Perspective
The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether ___ ___ _ ____ is related to ___ ____.
early aspects of development
later asapects
The nature-nurture issue is concerned with the roles of ___________ and ____________ play in development.
Biology(nature)
Environment (nurture)
John Locke’s views are consistent with a ___________ view of the child.
Passive
Research measures that involve watching children’s unprompted behavior in real-life settings are referred to as _____ _______.
Naturalistic Observation
One drawback of structured observations is that the contrived ______ of the setting may distort the ___________ of interest.
Situation
Behavior
Sampling behavior with task may not really sample the __________ of _________
Behavior
interest
A problem with the use of self reports is that children may provide answers that are _____ ___________.
in accurate
incorrect
The tendency to select socially acceptable answers is called ______ _______.
Response bias
A measure is __________ if the results are ______ over time.
reliable
consistant
Correlations can range from ____ to ____
-1.0 too +1.0
In a correlation study, it is possible to determine whether two variables are ________, but not whether there is a _____ relationship between the variables.
related
causation
In an experimental study, the ______ ________ is manipulated to observe its effects on another variable.
independent variable
The variable in an experiment that is observed to see if it changes when another variable is manipulated is called the_________ variable
dependent
A weakness of ______ studies is that results may be invalid because of the artificial laboratory setting.
experimental
A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that subjects drop out, which is called _____ _______.
selective attrition
A disadvantage of a ______ ______ approach is that researchers cannot answer questions about the continuity of discontinuity of behavior.
Cross Sectional
Differences between age groups resulting from outside events rather than developmental processes are referred to as ___________ effects
cohort
_______ ________ is a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.
meta analysis
Deciding whether a research study is ethical is typically done by a _________ ____________.
review board
