chapter 1 Flashcards
Developmental science
the study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions and social reationship
what is another name for the nature v.s nurture debate?
nativisim versus empiricism
philisophically what is the nature side refered to
idealist and rationalist
norms
average ages at which developmental events happens
behaviourism
theoretical view that defines development in terms of behaviour changes caused by environmental influence
what is another debate other than the nature v.s nurture debate?
the continuity versus discontinuity issue
what is another way to think of continuity versus discontinuity debate? 2
quantative versues qualitative
maturation
sequential patterns of change tht are governed by instructions contained i the genetic code and shared by all members of a specis
critical period
any time period during development when a organism is espicially responsive to and learns from a specitific type of stimulation. The same stimulation at other oints in development has little or no effect
sensitive period
A period during which particular experiences can best contribute to proper development. It is similar to a critical period, but the effect s of deprivation during a sensitive period re not as severe as during a critical period
behaviour genetics
the study of the genetic contributions to behavior or traits such as intelligence or personality
how do we study behavior genetics?
the study of identical and fraternal twins and the study of adopted children
internal models of experience
a theorictical concept emphazizing that each child creates a set of core ideas or assumptions about the world, the self and relatiohsips with others through which all subsequent experience is flitered
What are the 5 models of Aslins model of environmental influence
- maturational patternal
- maintenance
- facilitation
- attunment
- inductions
Franz horowitz’s model of vulnerabilty and Resilence
Horowitz’s model describes one possible type of interaction between the ulnerability of the child and the quality of the environment. The height of the surface shows the goodnes of the developmental outcome(such as IQ or skill in oscial relations). in theis model only combitnation of a vulnerable infant and a nofacilittive environment will result in a really poor outcome
normative age- graded changes
changes tht are common to every meber of a species
normative history-graded changes
changes that occur in most members of a chort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period
chohort
a group of individuals who share the same historical experiences at the same times in their lives
nonormative changes(individual differences)
changes that result from unique, unshared events
developmental theories
sets of statements that propose genral princiles of devlopment
psychoanalytic theories
Developmental theoris based on the assumption that age-related change results from maturationally determined conflicts between internal drives and society’s demands
libido
the term by Freud to describe the basic unconscious, instrinctual sexual energy in each indivudal
id `
In Freudian theory, the inborn, primitive, portion of the personality, the storehouse of libido, the bsic energy that continually pushes for immediate gradification.
ego
In Freudian,theory , the protion of the personality that organizes, plans and keeps the person in touch whith relaity. Language ad thought are both ego funcitons
superego
In Freudian theory, the “conscience” part of personality, which contains parental and societal values and attitude incorporated during childhood
psychosexual stages
the stages of personality development suggest by Freu: oral , anal, phallic,latency, and genital stages
psychosocial stages
the stages of personality development suggested by Erikson, involving basic trus, autonomy, intiative, industry, identity,intimacy, generativity, and ego intergrity
congnitive developmental theories
developmental theories that emphasize chidlren;s actions on the environment and suggest that age-related changes in reasoning precede and explain changes in other domains
scaffolding
the term used by Bruner to describe the process by which a teach(or parent,older child, or the other person in the role of teacher)structures a learning encounter with a child, so as to lead the child from step to step- a processs consistent with Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
zone of proximal development
In Vygostsky’s tehory, the range of tasks tht are slighty too difficult for a child to do alone but that can be accomplished successfully with guidance from an adult or more experienced child
what kind of reinforcement is generally used in studies?
partial reinforcement
negative reinforcement
the process of strengthing a behaviour by the removal or cessation of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment
the removal of a desirable stimulus or the adminstration of an unpleansant consequence after some undesired behavior in order to stop the behavior
what is observational learning or modeling
children learn by watching others
what is intrinsic reinforcement?
the pride a child feels when she figures out how to draw a star or the sense of stisfaction you may experience after strenous exercise
what is Bandura’s learning model stresses?
observational learning or social learning theory
what is the active or passive issue in developmental psychology
Is a person active in shaping her own development, or is she a passive recipient of environment influence
what is the stability versus cahnge issue
theoris that stage assert that development is table continous process. Stage theories, on the other hand emphazise change more than stability
what is heuristic value?
is the degreee by which theories stimulates thinking and reasearch
electicism
the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development
what is the behaviourist appoach to electicism?
observations of the child’s behavior and her classmates rection may suggest that her behvaior is being rewarded by the other childrens responces
what is the psychoanalystic explanation?
deeper probing of the child’s family situaion may indicate that her acting-out bhavior relfects an emotional reaction to a family event such as divorce
what is the cognitive-development explanation
the emotional reaction may arise from her inability to understand why her parents are divorcing
case studies
in depth studies of indivdiuals
naturalistic observation
a research method in which participants are observed in their normal environmental
correlation
a stastitic used to describe the strength of a relationship between two variables. It can range from -1.00 to +1.00 The closer the correlation the stronger the relationship being described
experiment
A research method for tesing a causal hypotheisis, in which participants are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups and the experimental group is then provided with a particular experience that is expected to alter behavior in some fashion
experimental group
a group of participants in an experiment who receive a particular treament inteded to produce some specific effect
control group
a group of participants in an experiment who receive either no special treaent or some neutral treamte
independnt variable
a condition or event that an experimenter varies in some systematic way in order to observe the impact of that variation on participants behavior
dependent variable
the variable in an experiment that is expected to show the impact of mainipulation of the independent vairal ; also called the outcome vairable
cros-cultural research
any study that involves comparisons of differnt cultures or contexts
ethnorgraphy
a detail description of a single culture or context based on extensive obseravation
Cross-sectional designs
Partipants of different ages studied at one time
Longitudinal Design
Participants in one group studied several times
Sequential Design
Stydt that combines booth longitudinal and cross-sectional
Case Studies
In-depth study of one or a few individuals using observation interviews or psychological testing
Naturalistic observation
Observation of behavior in natural setting
Correlation tudies
Determination of mathematical relationship between two variables
Experiments
Random assignment of participants to control or experimental group; manipulation of independent variable
Cross-cultural research
Reasearch that either describes culture or includes culture as a variable
What are the ethical standards for reasearch involving human partcipants?
Protection from harm Informed consent Confidentiality knowlegde of results protection from deception
what did psychologist John B. Watson think about parenting?
to be rigid to ensure that children will become emotionally hard
What did Benjamin Spock think about parenting?
think that parents should not place excessive demands on children
Idealist
someone who has an idea of a perfect or ideal life . Plato was an idealist
rationalist
someone of who has a realistic, rationalisted idea of life, rene descartes was a realistic
what did John Locke believe about human nature?
that we are a blank state, and that some knowlegde is inborn
what did Jean Jacques Rouseau beleive about human nature
that humans are naturally good
What did Stanley Hall believe about human development
that milestones and identification of norms were part of development, that development was inborn and dictated by nature, and evlutionairy
What did John Watson believe about human development?
believed behaviourism, environmental influences and nature
what is the continuity vs discontinuity?
quantitative versus qualitative
