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developmental psychology: the child > ch 2: prenatal development > Flashcards

ch 2: prenatal development Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

the single cell formed from seperate spem and egg cells at conception

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2
Q

ovum

A

the cell released monthly from a woman’s ovaries, which, if fertillized, forms the basis for the developing organism

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3
Q

fallopian tube

A

the tube between the ovary and the uterus down which the ovum travels to the uterus and in which conception usually occurs

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4
Q

uterus

A

the female organ in which the embryo/fetus devlops(popularly reffered to as the womb)

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5
Q

sperm

A

the cells produced in a mans testes that may fertilized an ovum following intercoruse

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

the structures, arrayed in 23 pairs, within each cell in the body that contain genetic information. Each chromosome is made up of many segments called genes

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7
Q

gametes

A

sperms and ova. These cells, unlike all other cells of the body, contain only 23 chromosomes rahter than 23 paris

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8
Q

deoxiribonucleic acid( DNA)

A

the chemilcal of which chromosomes are composed

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9
Q

what is a locus?

A

a gene that controlling or influencing a specific characteristic always appears in the same place. ex: blood type

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10
Q

what is the Human Genome Project (HGP)

A

a project that has identified every locus of every human gene

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11
Q

autosomes

A

the 22 chromosomes pairs

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12
Q

sex chromosomes

A

comes in two variety, referred to as the X and the Y chromosomes

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13
Q

polygenic pattern of inheritance

A

any pattern of genti transmission in which multiple genes contribute to the outcome, such as is presumed to occur for complex traits such as intelligence or temparent

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14
Q

multifactorial pattern of inheritance

A

the pattern of gentic transmission in which both genes and environment influence the phenotype

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15
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

in which some genes are biochemically markat the time ova and sperm devlop in the bodies of potential mothers and fathers.

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16
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

chidlren inherit genes located outside the nucleus of the zygote

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17
Q

mitochondria

A

DNA that is passed from mother- and duaghter

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18
Q

fraternal(dizygotic) twins

A

children carried in the same pregnancy but develop from two sperately fertilized ova. They are no more alike than other paris of siblings

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19
Q

identical (monzygotic) twins

A

Children carried in the smae pregnancy who develop from two sperately fertilized ovum. They are gentic clones of each other

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20
Q

germinal stage

A

the first stage of prenatal devlopment beginning at conception and ending at implantation of the zygote in the uterus (approximately in the first 2 weeks)

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21
Q

blastocys

A

Name for the mass of cells from roughly 4-10 days after fertlization

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22
Q

embryo

A

the name given to the developing organism during the period of prenatal devleopment between about 2 weeks and 8 weks after conception, begining with implanatation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.

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23
Q

embryonic stage

A

the second stages of prenatal developmet from week 2 through week 8, when embryo’s organs form,

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24
Q

amnion

A

the sac, or bag, filled with liquid in which the emryo/ fetus floats during prenatal life

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25
Q

chorion

A

the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst during prenatal devlopment, from which both the plancenta and the umbilical cord are formed

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26
Q

placenta

A

an organ that develops between the fetus and the wall of the uterus during gestation

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27
Q

umbilical cord

A

the chord connecting the embry/ fetus to the placenta, ocntaining two arteris and one wein

28
Q

fetus

A

the name given to the developing organism from about 8 weeks after birth,

29
Q

fetal stage

A

the third stage of prenatal devlopment, from week 8 to birth, when growth and organ refinement take place

30
Q

What stage do male embryo start to secrete androgens?

A

4 and 8 weeks, males start to secrete androgens and the hormone responsible to testies

31
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

a disorder which the mom has taking a drug. That masculizes the female fetus. resulting in male-like genitalia, and masculized characteristics of behavior.

32
Q

what is one of the hormones that portect female development

A

particular testosterone in males

33
Q

How much faster do girls progress in prenatal development?

A

4 to 6 weeks

34
Q

is there a gender difference in wakefulness?

A

yes male fetus are more awake then females

35
Q

Is there a sex difference in responsiveness

A

yes female fetuses repsond more to external stimuli than males

36
Q

when can a fetus start to physically respon?

A

at about 25 weeks

37
Q

when can fetuses start to distinguish stimuli

A

at 32-33 week they can distnguish between familiar and novel stmuli

38
Q

at what stage can a fetus start to learn through music?

A

at about 24-38 weeks fetus learn music/ nursury rhymes

39
Q

is there a sex difference in female fetsus?

A

yes gender male difference.

40
Q

teratogens

A

substances such as viruses and drugs or events that can cause birth defects

41
Q

autosomel disorders

A

are caused by genes located on the autsomes

42
Q

sex-linked disorder

A

are found on the X chromosome

43
Q

phenylketonurie(PKU)

A

tonxins that build up baby’s brain and cause mental retardation

44
Q

sikle-cell disease

A

a deformity of red blood cells, more comon in West african and African Americans
, mediterranean, Carribean, Indian. Arab and Latin american.

45
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

occurs in about 1 in 3,000 Jewish couples of Eastern european decent. Severe mental retardation, and blindness, very few live past age 8

46
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

this disorder causes the brain to deteriorate and affects both psychological and motor functions

47
Q

hemophilia

A

a sex linked disorder, affects 1-5,000 boys, where they cannot stop beeding naturally

48
Q

Trisomy

A

which a indivdiual have 3 compies of a particular autosome

49
Q

what is the most sever trisonmy

A

trisomy 13 and 18

50
Q

Klinfelter’s syndrom

A

a sex-chromose anomalie that is caused by a XXY pattern. effects 1 out of 1,000 males. long legs and arms, and underveloped testies

51
Q

Turners syndrom

A

girls with XXX pattern, occurs 1 in 3,000 female births, show stunted growth and sterile, usually need hormone therapy to develop breast or menstruate

52
Q

Downs Syndrom(Trisomy 21)

A

A gentic anomaly in which every cell contains three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two. Children born with this gentic patter have characteristics physical featus and usually have mental retardation

53
Q

how many babies are born from women with HIV/AIDS in the US?

A

6,000

54
Q

what are antiretroviral drugs?

A

drugs a mother is susposed to take to lower the risk of HIV/Aids to her baby

55
Q

Why Do people with HIV/AIDS in africa afraid to tell their parents?

A

because they fear being stigmatized

56
Q

What is the most serious sexually transtmitted disease among pregnant women?

A

cytomegalovirus(CMV) a virus that is in the herpes

57
Q

What birth effect result from syphillis and gonorrhea

A

Both cause brain defects. Syphillis causes eye and ear and brain defects. Gonnorhea can cause the infant to be blind

58
Q

Does diabetes have an effect on the fetus?

A

yes can cause some developmental delays

59
Q

what is the effects on cocaine on fetus?

A

low birth weight and brain damage

60
Q

what is some of the effect of mirijuanna and heroin of the fetus?

A

msicarriage, premature labor, and early death

61
Q

Does over counter medication effect the fetus?

A

no they can take them on an as-needed basis

62
Q

what is the dietary increase that mothers need to take while pregnant

A

adding about 300 calories, more vitamin B and folic acid

63
Q

How does stress effect pregnant mothers?

A

emotional and physical stress will increase low birth weight, short changes in fetuses heart beat

64
Q

what are the 3 stages of fetal development?

A

germinal –> embryonic—> fetal

65
Q

Neuronal proliferation

A

he rapid devlopment of neurons(specialized cells of the nervous system) between the 10th and 18th week of gestiation( neurons started back in week 3)

66
Q

Neuronal migration

A

(weeks 13-21) the movement of neurons to specialized regions of the brain. Move as cell bodies

67
Q

Glial cells

A

the glue things together

developmental psychology: the child (7 decks)

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