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developmental psychology: the child > ch4:physical development > Flashcards

ch4:physical development Flashcards

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1
Q

when does the brain grow most rapidly

A

during the first 2 years of life

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2
Q

what parts of the brain are the most fully developped?

A

Midbrain and medulla

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3
Q

what functions does the midbrain and medulla control?

A

• Hear rate, Respiration ,attention sleep &wake , Elimantion, Move head and neck

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4
Q

what part of the brain is the least developped?

A

The cerebral cortex

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5
Q

what functions does The cerebral cortex control?

A

Perception, thinking lanbuage

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6
Q

when and in what intervals a person goes through growth spurts

A

One month intervals until 5 months

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7
Q

after 5 months when are the growth spurts?

A

• Spurts at 8, 12, and 20 months

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8
Q

what growth spurts are associated with middle childhood growth spurts?

A

with improved eye-hand coordination and fine motor skills

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9
Q

what part of the brains do 10-12 year olds growth??

A

• 10–12 year olds have growth in frontal lobes

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10
Q

what part of the brain do 13-15 year olds have growth?

A

• 13–15 year olds have growth in spatial and motor areas

``

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11
Q

what part of the brain do 17 year olds have growth?

A

17-year olds have growth in frontal lobes that are associated with logic and planning

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12
Q

many spurts are localized, what does this mean?

A

Different areas of the brain develop at defferent times

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13
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the process of synapse formation

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that accomplish the transmission of signals from one neuron to another at synapse

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15
Q

pruning

A

the process of eliminating unused synapses

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16
Q

plasicty

A

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience

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17
Q

when is the most rapid formation of snapses?

A

• Rapid occurrence during the first years afer birth

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18
Q

when does the brain tripple in size?

A

by age 2

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19
Q

What is the brain Both processes heavily dependent on experiences?

A
  • Fllows”use it or lose it” drictum
  • Young brains more vulnerable but quicker to recover
  • Early flexibility allows children to adapt to environment better
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20
Q

myekubatuib

A

the porcess by which an insulating layer of a suvstance called myelin is added to neurons

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21
Q

reticular formation

A

the part of the brian that regulates attention

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22
Q

association areas

A

parts of the brain where,sensory,motor, and intellectual functions are linked

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23
Q

hippocamus

A

a brain structure that is involved in the transfer of information ot long-term memory

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24
Q

when is the rapid growth of myelination

A

rapid (But not done) during first 2 years

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25
Q

Cephalocaudal pattern of development

A

development from the head down to the feet

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26
Q

proximodistal pattern of development

A

development from the feet to the head

27
Q

what function is fully developed by age 2

A

vission

28
Q

what funtion is fully developed by age 4

A

motor skills

29
Q

what is the first phase of weight/height gain?

A

first 2 years
height gain 10-12 inches
weight gain: body tripling in the first year

30
Q

what is the second phase of weight/height gain?

A

from age 2 adds 2-3 inches and 6 pounds a year until adolescents

31
Q

what is the third phase of weight/height gain?

A

adolescent growth spurt. 3-6 every year for several years, longer in boys

32
Q

corpus corpus callosum

A

the structure that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

33
Q

laterlization

A

the process through which brain functions are dived between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

34
Q

spatial perception

A

the ability to idnetify and act on relationships of objects in space; in most people, this skill is lateralized to the right cerebral hemishpere

35
Q

relative right-left orientation

A

the ability to identify rihgt and left from multile perspectives

36
Q

spatial cognition

A

the ability to infer rules from and make predications about the movement of objects in space

37
Q

handness

A

a strong preference for using primarily one hand or the other; it develops between 3-5 years of age

38
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland that provides the trigger for relase of hormones form other glands

39
Q

Adrenal androgen

A

signals puberty

40
Q

Gonadatrophic hormones.

A

hormones secreted by the pituitary gland at the begining of puberty that stimulate the development of glands in the testes and ovaries which then being to secrete testosterone or estrogen

41
Q

endocrine glands

A

glands (including the adrenals, the thyroid, the pituitary, and the ovaries) that secrete hormones governing overlal physical gorwth and sexual maturing

42
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

development of testies and ovaries

43
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

development of breasts in girls, development in beard and lowering of voice in boys, pubic hair in both

44
Q

what is the sequence of physical sex characteristic development in girls?

A

development of pubic hair and breast, growth spurt fallows, menarche after two year

45
Q

secular trend

A

a pattern of change in some characteristic over several cohorts, such as systematic changes in the average timing of menarch or in average height or weight

46
Q

is it possible to concive after first menarche

A

yes but only 30% of girls are ovualating, another 80% ovualte after two years of birth

47
Q

when are boys able to reach fertility

A

as early as 12 to as late as 16

48
Q

stage 1 of female breast development/male genital developmet

A

female: no change except for some evlation of the nipple

boys testes,scrotum, and penis are all about the same size and shape as in early childhood

49
Q

stage 2 of breast development/male genital development

A

girls: Breast bud stage: elevation of breast and the nipple as a small mound. Areolar diamter increases compared to stage 1
boys: Scrotum and testes are slightly enlarged. Skin of the scotum reddens and changes texture, but little or no enlargment of the penis

50
Q

stage 3 of breast developemnt/male genital development

A

girls: breast and areola both enlarged and elevated more than in stage 2, but no seperation of their contours
boys: Penis slightly enlarged, at first mainly in length. Testes and scrotum are further enlarged.

51
Q

stage 4 of breast development/ male genitial development

A

girls: areola and nipple form a second mound projecting above the contour of the breast
boys: penis further enlarged, with growth in breadth and development of glans. Testes and scrotum further enlarged and scrotum skin still darker

52
Q

stage 5 of breast development/ male genital development

A

girls : mature stage, only the nipple projects, with the areola reessed to the general contour of the breast
boys: genitallia acieve adult sixe and shape

53
Q

a girl who achieves early puberty what are the concerns?

A 
Early maturing girls develop and endomorphic type that is osmewhat undesirable 
• Suffer more negative body image 
• Get into more trouble in school 
• Engage in delinquent behavior 
• Experience more depression
• Get into bad peer groups 
• Abuse substances
54
Q

a boy who achieves early puberty, what are the outcomes?

A 
Early maturing boys devlop a mesomorphic body type that is culturally admiired 
• Have positive body image
• Leadership roles (confidence) 
• Does better in shcoo (adut success) 
• Get in less toruble and more friends 
• Substance abuse? 
• Can be more hostile and aggressive
55
Q

in 1998 what percentage of male and females teans (15-19) reported having sex at least once in their lives?

A

1988( 60% male, 51% females)

56
Q

in 2008 what percentage of male and female teans (15-19) reported having sex?

A

2008(43 males, 42% feamles

57
Q

what is the risk of having multiple sexual partners?

A

• Leads to increase in STIs and STDs

58
Q

what are some of the social factors that lead in adolescant sexual behaviour?

A
  • Poor neighborhoods
  • Less adult monitoring
  • More liekly to use alcohol
  • Many abused/ neglect in early childhood
  • Early menarche, early dating
  • Sometimes history of sexual abuse
  • Positive correlation between # of risk factors and likehood of being sexaully active
59
Q

what is the goal of sex education

A

to decrease sexual activity and to increase protection against disease and pregnancy

60
Q

growth

A

the pattern and rate of growht exihibited by a child over time

61
Q

fontanel

A

in the one of several “soft spots”in the skull that are present at birth but disappear when bones of the skull grow together

62
Q

ossification

A

the porcess of hardnening by which soft tissues becomes bone

63
Q

bone age

A

a measure of physical maturation based on x-ray examination of bones, typically the wrist and hand bones. Two children of the same chronological age may have different bone age because their rate of physical maturation differ.

developmental psychology: the child (7 decks)

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