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General Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Characteristics of life include:

A

cellular structure, growth and development, self-regulated metabolism, response to stimuli, and reproduction.

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1
Q

Basic themes of biology include

A

evolution, information transfer, and energy transfer.

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2
Q

Biological organization include:

A

is hierarchical and includes chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

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3
Q

ecological organization includes:

A

population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.

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4
Q

Information transfer includes:

A

DNA transfer of infor-mation from one generation to the next; chemical and electrical signals within and among the cells of every organism; and chemicals, visual displays, and sounds that allow organisms to communicate with one another and to interact with their environment.

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5
Q

Individual organisms and entire ecosystems depend:

A

on a continuous input of energy. Energy is transferred within cells and from one organism to another.

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6
Q

Evolution:

A

is the process by which populations of or-ganisms change over time, adapting to changes in their en-vironment; the tree of life includes three major branches, or domains. It is also a fundamental unifying concept of biology.

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7
Q

Cientific procees that asks questions, develop hypotheses, make predictions, and collect data by careful observation and ex-periment; based on their results, they come to conclusions:

A

Cientific method.

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8
Q

The way populations of organisms have evolved through time from earlier forms of life is a form of:

A

Evolution.

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9
Q

Information must be transmitt ed within organisms and among organisms, and organisms must be able to receive information from their environment. Th e survival and function of every cell and every organism de-pend on the orderly:

A

transmission of information. ( Information transfer)

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10
Q

Energy transfer:

A

life processes, including thousands of chemical transactions that maintain life’s organization, require a continuous input of energy. Most of the energy for life comes from sunlight. Energy from the sun is transferred through living systems from producers to consumers; decomposers obtain energy as they feed on the dead bodies and wastes of both producers and consumers. Energy is also continuously transferred from one chemical compound to another within every cell.

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11
Q

The Basic characteristica of living things are:

A

a precise kind of organization, growth and development, self-regulated metabolism, the ability to respond to stimuli, repro-duction, and adaptation to environmental change.

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12
Q

producers to consumers; decomposers are:

A

The three types of living organisms and their processes to obtain energy.

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13
Q

cells:

A

basic units

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14
Q

cell theory:

A

New cells are formed only by the division of previously existing cells.

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15
Q

uni-cellular organisms:

A

Meaning that each consists of a single cell. In contrast, the body of a dog or a maple tree is made of billions of cells.

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16
Q

multicellular:

A

Complex organisms such as plants, humans and animals.

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17
Q

Plasma membrane:

A

Separates the cell from the surrounding external environment. Regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment.

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18
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid.

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19
Q

organelles:

A

internal structures of the cell

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20
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

A

Are exclusive to bacteria and to microscopic organisms called archaea.

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21
Q

These cells typically contain a variety of organelles enclosed by membranes, including a nucleus, which houses DNA.

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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22
Q

cells that are structurally simpler; they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

A

Prokariotic cells.

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23
Q

involves an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism.

A

Biological growth.

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24
Q

includes all the changes that take place during an organism’s life.

A

Development.

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25
Q

Metabolism:

A

The sum of all the chemical activities of the organism.

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26
Q

Metabolic processes occur continuously in every organism, and they must be carefully regulated to maintain:

A

homeostasis.

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27
Q

homeostatic mechanisms are:

A

Self-regulating control systems that are remarkably sensitive and efficient.

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28
Q

A good example of a homeostatic mechanism is:

A

The regulation of glucose (a simple sugar) concentration in the blood of complex animals.

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29
Q

The___________ delivers glucose and other nutrients to all the cells:

A

Circulatory system.

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30
Q

When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises above normal limits, glucose is stored in the:

A

Liver and in muscle cells.

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31
Q

stimuli:

A

Physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment.

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32
Q

Other organisms move by beating tiny, hairlike extensions of the cell called:

A

Cilia.

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33
Q

Certain unicellular organisms, for example, respond to bright light by retreating. In some organisms, locomotion is achieved by

A

the slow oozing of the cell, the process of amoeboid movement.

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34
Q

longer structures than cilia known as:

A

Flagella.

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35
Q

sessile:

A

meaning that they do not move from place to place. In fact, they may remain fi rmly att ached to a surface, such as the sea bott om or a rock (Such as sponges and corals).

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36
Q

Many sessile organisms have_______ that beat rhythmically, bringing them food and oxygen in the surrounding water.

A

Cilia or flagella.

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37
Q

Complex animals, such as grasshoppers, lizards, and humans, have highly specialized cells that respond to specific types of:

A

Stimuli.

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38
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

One individual gives rise to two or more offspring that are similar to the parent.

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39
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A

Typically, each of two parents contributes a gamete (sperm or egg). Gametes fuse to produce the offspring, which has a combination of the traits of both parents.

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40
Q

asexual reproduction:

A

Reproduces by splitt ing in half to form two new amoe-bas. Before an amoeba divides, its hereditary material (set of genes) is duplicated, and one complete set is distributed to each new cell.

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41
Q

Adaptations:

A

Are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to survive in a particular environment.

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42
Q

Adaptations may be:

A

Structural, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, or a combination of all four.

43
Q

reductionism:

A

Learning about a structure by studying its parts.

44
Q

Populations of organisms have emergent properties such as:

A

Population density, age structure, and birth and death rates.

45
Q

Is the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the characteristic properties of that element:

A

Atom

46
Q

The chemical level is _______________ and includes __________.

A

The most basic level of organization and includes atoms and molecules.

47
Q

Atoms combine chemically to form:

A

Molecules.

48
Q

many types of atoms and molecules associate with one another to form:

A

Cells.

49
Q

Its emergent properties make it the basic structural and functional unit of life, the simplest com-ponent of living matt er that can carry on all the activities necessary for life:

A

Cells

50
Q

During the evolution of multicellular organisms, cells associated to form:

A

Tissue.

51
Q

Plants have _____, a tissue that serves as a protective covering, and vascular tissues that move materials throughout the plant body.

A

Epidermis.

52
Q

In most complex organisms, tissues organize into functional structures called:

A

Organs.

53
Q

In animals, each major group of biological functions is performed by a coor-dinated group of tissues and organs called an:

A

Organ system.

54
Q

Functioning together with great precision, organ systems make up a complex, multicellular:

A

Organism.

55
Q

Organisms interact to form still more complex levels of biological organization. All the members of one species living in the same geographic area at the same time make up a:

A

Population.

56
Q

Th e pop-ulations of various types of organisms that inhabit a particular area and interact with one another form a

A

Community.

57
Q

A community can consist of:

A

Hundreds of different types of organisms.

58
Q

A community together with its nonliving environment is an

A

Ecosystem.

59
Q

All of Earth’s ecosystems together are known as the:

A

Biosphere.

60
Q

The biosphere includes all of Earth that is inhabited by living organisms, this includes:

A

the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (water in any form), and the lithosphere (Earth’s crust).

61
Q

The study of how or-ganisms relate to one another and to their physical environment is called:

A

Ecology (derived from the Greek oikos, meaning “house”).

62
Q

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick worked out the structure of__1_, the large molecule that makes up the __2___, the units of hereditary material.

A
  1. DNA

2. Genes

63
Q

A DNA molecule consists of two chains of: _____ twisted into a helix.

A

Atoms

64
Q

each chain is made up of a sequence of chemical subunits called.

A

Nucleotides.

65
Q

Proteins:

A

Are large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues.

66
Q

In a multicellular organism, cells produce_______, such as_____, that signal other cells.

A

Chemical compounds, Hormones.

67
Q

Most animals have nervous systems that transmit information by way of both electrical impulses and chemical compounds known as:

A

Neurotransmitters.

68
Q

Metabolism:

A

All the energy transformations and chemical pro-cesses that occur within an organism.

69
Q

Energy is necessary to carry on the metabolic activities essential for:

A

Growth, repair, and maintenance.

70
Q

When cells capture energy released by nutrient molecules through a series of carefully regulated chemical reactions happens:

A

Cellular respiration.

71
Q

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are _______ also called______:

A

Producers, also called autotrophs.

72
Q

Autotrophs:

A

That produce their own food from simple raw materials.

73
Q

Animals are consumers, or:

A

Heterotrophs.

74
Q

Heterotrophs:

A

That is, organisms that depend on producers for food, energy, and oxygen.

75
Q

Primary consumers eat producers, whereas secondary consumers eat

A

primary consumers.

76
Q

Most bacteria and fungi are:

A

Decomposers.

77
Q

Decomposers:

A

Obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material such as wastes, dead leaves and branches, and the bodies of dead organisms.

78
Q

The process by which populations of organisms change over time is:

A

Evolution.

79
Q

_______has become the most important unifying concept of biology.

A

Evolutionary theory.

80
Q

Is the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships:

A

Systematics.

81
Q

Taxonomy:

A

A subspecialty of systematics, is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

82
Q

Is a group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior. A species consists of one or more popula-tions whose members are capable of breeding with one another:

A

Species.

83
Q

Members of a population contribute to a common _____ that are all the genes present in the population.

A

Gene pool.

84
Q

Closely related species are grouped in the next broader category of classification called:

A

Genus.

85
Q

The Linnaean system of naming species is known as the___________ because each species is assigned a two-part name.

A

Binomial System of Nomenclature.

86
Q

In the binomial system of nomenclature, the first part of the name is the genus, and the second part, the ________, which designates a particular species belonging to that genus.

A

Specific epithet.

87
Q

Just as closely related species may be grouped in a common genus, related genera can be grouped in a more inclusive group called a:

A

Family.

88
Q

Families are grouped into:

A

Orders.

89
Q

In the binomial nomenclature of species, orders are grouped into:

A

Classes.

90
Q

In the binomial nomenclature of species, classes can be assigned into:

A

Phyla.

91
Q

In the binomial system of nomenclature, Phyla can be assigned to______, and________are grouped in ______.

A

Kingdoms, Kingdoms, Domains.

92
Q

Each formal grouping of species, at any given level is called a:

A

Taxon.

93
Q

Animals are assigned to domain:

A

Eukarya.

94
Q

A group of organisms with a common ancestor is a:

A

Clade.

95
Q

Is a family tree showing proposed evolutionary relationships among organisms:

A

The tree of life.

96
Q

A branching diagram that depicts the tree of life as it is currently understood is:

A

Cladogram.

97
Q

Woese’s findings showed that there are two distinct groups of prokaryotes. He established the domain level of taxonomy and assigned the prokaryotes to two domains:

A

Bacteria and Archaea.

98
Q

The eukaryotes, organisms with eukaryotic cells, are classified in domain:

A

Eukarya.

99
Q

kingdoms correspond to the prokaryotic domains: kingdom Archaea corresponds to domain______, and kingdom Bacteria corresponds to domain_____:

A

Archaea. Bacteria.

100
Q

Kingdom Protist:

A

are unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization. The word protist, from the Greek for “the very fi rst,” refl ects the idea that protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve.

101
Q

Algae, slime molds, amoebas, and ciliates are example of the kingdom:

A

Protists.

102
Q

kingdom Plantae:

A

Are complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis.

103
Q

Kingdom Fungi:

A

Is composed of the yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi do not photosynthesize. They obtain their nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into food and then ab-sorbing the predigested food.

104
Q

Kingdom Animalia:

A

Is made up of multicellular organisms that obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms. Most animals exhibit considerable cell and tissue spe-cialization and body organization.

105
Q

___________________ brought a theory of evolution to general attention and suggested a plausible mechanism, natural selection, to explain it. In his book On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, published in 1859, Darwin synthesized many new findings in geology and biology.

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.

106
Q

most variations among individuals are a result of different varieties of genes that code for each characteristic. The ultimate source of these vari-ations is random______, that are chemical or physical changes in DNA that persist and can be inherited.

A

Mutations.

General Biology (9 decks)

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