Chapter 1&2 Vocab and Objectives Flashcards
A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid, and looks like a blister
bulla
) A segmented or lobe that is a part of the whole; these lobes sometimes appear fused together
lobule
An area that is usually distinguished by a color different from that of the surrounding tissue; it is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue.
macule
A small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue.
papule
attached by a stemlike or stalklike base similar to that of a mushroom.
pedunculated
variously sized circumscribed elevations containing pus.
pustules
describing the base of a lesion that is flat or broad instead of stemlike.
sessile
a small, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that contains serous fluid.
vesicle
: a palpable solid lesion up to 1 cm in diameter found in soft tissue; it can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface.
nodule
the evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area; the descriptive terms for palpation are soft, firm, semifirm, and fluid filled; these terms also describe the consistency of a lesion.
palpation
red, pink, salmon, white, blue-black, gray, brown and black are the words used most frequently to describe the colors of oral lesions; they can be used to identify specific lesions and may also be incorporated into general descriptions.
colors
An abnormal redness of the mucosa or gingiva
erythema
a clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch.
erythroplakia
a clinical term for a white plaquelike lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease.
leukoplakia
paleness of the skin or mucosal tissues
pallor
): one-hundredth of a meter; equivalent to a little less than one-half inch (0.393 inch)
centimeter
one-thousandth of a meter (a meter is equivalent to 39.3 inches); the periodontal probe is of great assistance in documenting the size or diameter of a lesion that can be measured in millimeters (general terms such as small, medium or large are sometimes used, but these terms are not as specific)
millimeter
wrinkled
corrugated
cleft or groove, normal or otherwise, showing prominent depth
fissure
resembling small, nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters (like a wart)
papillary
terms used to describe the surface texture of a lesion
smooth, rough, folded
the process by which parts of a whole join together, or fuse, to make one
coalescence
describes a lesion with borders that are not well defined, making it impossible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion; this may make treatment more difficult and, depending on the biopsy results, more radical
diffuse
: describes a lesion that extends beyond the confines of one distinct area and is defined as many lobes or parts that are somewhat fused together, making up the entire lesion
multilocular
a multilocular radiolucency is sometimes described as
resembling soap bubbles
often presents as a multilocular, radiolucent lesion
an odontogenic keratocyst
describes the black or dark areas on a radiograph; less dense tissue such as the pulp is seen as a radiolucent structure:
radiolucent
terms used to describe a mixture of light and dark areas within a lesion, usually denoting a stage in the development of the lesion
radiolucent and radiopaque
for example, in a stage I periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (cementoma), the lesion is
radiolucent
in stage II periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (cementoma)it is
radiolucent and radiopaque
describes the light or white area on a radiograph that results from the inability of radiant energy to pass through the structure; the denser the structure, the lighter or whiter it appears on the radiograph.
radiopaque
observed radiographically when the apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly shaped
root resorption
occurs as a response to stimuli, which can include a cyst, tumor, or trauma
root resorption
arises from tissues outside the tooth such as the periodontal ligament
external resorption
triggered by pupal tissue reaction from within the tooth
internal resorption
a radiolucent lesion that extends between the roots, as seen in a traumatic bone cyst; this lesion appears to extend up the periodontal ligament
scalloping around the root
having one compartment or unit that is well defined or outlined, as in a simple radicular cyst
unilocular
: term used to describe a lesion with borders that are specifically defined and in which one can clearly see the exact margins and extent
well circumscribed
the diagnosis is based on what the clinician can actually see. The decision is made based upon the clinician’s knowledge and by using palpation, observing the color, shape, location and history of the lesion.
clinical
the diagnosis is based on what is seen in a radiograph. Clinical and historical information can be used to help aid a radiographic diagnosis, but the radiograph provides the majority of the information needed to make the diagnosis.
radiographic
: the diagnosis is based on history of the lesion, such as how long it has been there, and size and shape change. Personal, family, medical and dental history can also be helpful in a historical diagnosis, as well as drug history.
historical
Blood chemistry (WBC/RBC count), urinalysis, and other clinical lab tests are used to provide information for the diagnosis.
laboratory
diagnosis is based on the microscopic examination of a biopsy.
microscopic
: A surgical procedure, such as exploratory surgery, or even surgery for another reason, can provide evidence and information for the diagnosis.
surgical
The diagnosis is based on trial and error through therapeutic treatments or drugs. Therapeutic diagnosis can be used correspondingly with clinical and historical information.
therapeutic
The diagnosis is based on an educated guess, using data collection, medical and dental histories, lesion history, clinical evaluation, and microscopy reports. Differential diagnosis is based on putting together the information from the other seven diagnostic categories to make a diagnosis.
differential
: tiny yellow lobules in clusters usually distributed over buccal mucosa or vermilion border.
fordyce granules
exophytic growth of normal compact bone; seen in the midline of hard palate. Can have various shapes and sizes and may be lobulated, and covered by normal soft tissue
torus palatinus
outgrowths of normal dense bone found on lingual aspect of mandible in premolar area above the mylohyoid ridge. Usually bilateral, often lobulated or nodular, and can appear fused together.
mandibular tori
prominent lingual veins observed on the ventral and lateral surfaces of tongue; red-to-purple enlarged vessels or clusters are seen.
lingual varicosities
flat or slightly raised erythematous, rectangular area anterior to the circumvallate papillae.
median rhomboid glossitis
Erythematous, depapillated areas with white borders; occasionally complains of burning discomfort.
geographic tongue
Describes geographic tongue that is found on mucosal surfaces not on the tongue.
ectopic geographic tongue
Deep fissures or grooves on the dorsal surface of the tongue
fissured tongue
Elongated filiform papillae that gives a “hairy” appearance. Can be black, white or yellow
hairy tongue
Describe the clinical and histologic differences between leukoedema and linea alba.
The clinical features of linea alba is an anterior-posterior white line, while the clinical features of leukodema is a gray-white film giving buccal mucosa an opalescent quality.
The histologic features of linea alba is epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, while the histologic features of leukodema is intracellular edema and acanthosis of the epithelium.
Discuss the two risk types of human papillomavirus covered in this chapter
HPV associated with squamous cell carcinoma are high risk
HPV causing verruca vulgaris (the common wart) are low risk
after arriving at a differential diagnosis, information from what category will best establish a final or definitive diagnosis
microscopic
descriptive term that would best be used for a freckle
macule
which term describes the base of a lesion that is stalklike
pedunculated
clinical diagnosis can be used to determine the final or definitive diagnosis of all except
fordyce granules
NOT unerupted supernumerary teeth
mandibular tori
geographic tongue
radiographic diagnosis would contribute to the definitive diagnosis of all except
internal resorptions
periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
odontomas
NOT a retained deciduous tooth
to determine the presence of blood dyscrasias, which of the following would provide the most definitive information?
laboratory blood tests
when an antifungal ointment or cream is used to treat suspected angular chelitis, which one of the following diagnostic categories is being used
therapeutic
yellow clusters of ectopic sebaceous glands commonly observed on the buccal mucosa and evaluated through clinical diagnosis are most likely
fordyce granules
a slow-growing, bony hard exophytic growth on the midline of the hard palate is developmental and hereditary in origin. The diagnosis is determined through clinical evaluation. you suspect
torus palatinius
the “white line” observed clinically on the buccal mucosa that extends from anterior to posterior along the occlusal plane is
linea alba
which one of the following occurs as an erythematous area, is devoid of filiform papillae, is oval to rectangular in shape, and is on the midline of the dorsal surface of the tongue
median rhomboid glossitis
which diagnostic category would the dental hygienist most easily apply to the preliminary evaluation of oral lesions
clinical
examples of exotoses are found on the lingual aspect of the mandible in the area of the premolars. they are benign, bony hard, and require no treatment. radiographically, appearing radiopaque areas and are often bilateral
mandibular tori
term most often used when describing mandibular tori
lobulated
condition is a benign anomaly, has a diffuse gray to white opaque appearance on the buccal mucosa, and is most commonly seen in adult black individuals
leukoedema
patient has clinical signs of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Hygienist has patient begin hydrogen peroxide rinses without culturing the bacterial flora. this action applied to what diagnostic category
therapeutic
a small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated and protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue is called
papule
base of a sessile lesion is
broad and flat
identification of which one of the following is not determined by clinical diagnosis
fordyce granules
tori
NOT compound odontoma
retrocuspid papilla
another term for geographic tongue
migratory glossitis
cause of supernumerary teeth most likely
genetic
historical diagnosis can include the patients
age and sex
family history
medical history
condition most often seen on buccal mucosa
fordyce granules
which is not considered a variant of normal
migratory glossitis
white hary tongue
fissured tongue
NOT hairy leukoplakia
which cyst is often described as a radiolucency that scallops around the roots of the teeth involved
traumatic bone
what percentage of erythroplakias is diagnosed as severe epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma?
90%
best describes number of types of HPV? more than
150
term best describes leukoplakia
clinical
a collection of purulent exudate that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue
abcess
relating to or exhibiting chemical changes produced by radiant energy, especially the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum; relating to exposure to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight
actinic
a course of disease that is either of short duration or one that is both short and relatively severe
acute
formation and differentiation of blood vessels
fangiogenesis
decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ, or whole body
atrophy
describes a lesion that is at the center of an involved area; in the context of oral lesions, it indicates that the lesion is within bone
central
movement of white blood cells, as directed by biochemical mediators, to an area of injury
chemotaxis
course of disease persisting for a long time
chronic
a nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
c-reactive protein
an abnormal sac or cavity lined by epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue
cyst
the dissolution or destruction of a cell
cytolysis
excess plasma or exudate in the interstitial space that results in tissue swelling
edema
the passage of white blood cells through the walls of small blood vessels and into injured tissue
emigration
the process of being covered with epithelium
epithelialization
redness of the skin or mucosa
erythema
fluid with a high protein content that leaves the microcirculation during an inflammatory response
exudate
exudate consists of serum that contains
white blood cells, fibrin, and other protein molecules
elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal level of 37degreesC (98.6degreesF)
fever
formation of fibrous tissue, as normally occurs in healing
fibroplasia
an abnormal passage that leads from an abscess to the body surface
fistula
initial connective tissue formed in healing
granulation tissue
collection of macrophages usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
granuloma
excess of blood within blood vessels in a part of the body
hyperemia
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells; the result of increased cell division
hyperplaisa
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the size of its individual cells, but not in the number of cells
hypertrophy
nonspecific response to injury that involves the microcirculation and its blood cells
inflammation
temporary increase in number of white blood cells circulating in blood
leukocytosis
disease process that is confined to a limited location in the body; not general or systemic
local
abnormal enlargement of lymphnodes
lymphadenopathy
second type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of injury; it participates in phagocytosis during inflammation and continues to be active in the immune response
macrophage
process during inflammation in which white blood cells tend to move to the periphery of the blood vessel at the site of injury
margination
small blood vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules
microcirculation
a fibroblast that has some of the characteristics of smooth muscle cells, such as the ability to contract
myofibroblast
pathologic death of one or more cells, or a portion of tissue, or an organ that results from irreversible damage to cells
necrosis
first white blood cell to arrive at a site of injury; primary cell involved in acute inflammation; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte
neutrophil
process of becoming opaque
opacification
enhancement of phagocytosis by a process in which a pathogen is marked, with opsonins, for destruction by phagocytes
opsonization
adherence of white blood cells to blood vessel walls during inflammation
pavementing
located away from the center; in the context of oral lesions, peripheral indicates that the lesion is within the gingival tissue or alveolar mucosa
peripheral
ingestion and digestion of particulate materials by cells
phagocytosis
secretion containing or forming pus
purulent
pertaining to the root of a tooth
radicular
process by which injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to that present before the injury
regeneration
restoration of damaged or diseased tissues by cellular change and growth
repair
secretion having a watery consistency; relating to serum
serous
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole; a disease process pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole
systemic
fluid component of blood that normally passes through the endothelial cell walls of the microcirculation
transudate
disease process that results from injury that causes tissue damage
traumatic injury
ring of lymphatic tissue formed by the two palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lingual tonsil, and intervening lymphoid tissue
waldeyer’s ring
clinical localized signs of inflammation
redness (erythema) and heat
swelling
pain
loss of normal tissue function
systemic clinical sings of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
lyphadenopathy
elevated c-reactive protein
what is the body’s initial response to injury
the inflammatory response
