Chapter 1/2 - Cells: basic units of life on earth

Question 1

plasma membrane

Answer 1

controls movement of particles in and out of the cell.

around the perimeter of cell

animal and plant

Question 2

cell wall

Answer 2

helps plant cells keep there structure and protect them from external forces

around the perimeter of cell

plant

Question 3

cytoplasm

Answer 3

gives the cell its shape and keeps organelles in place.

within the cell excluding nucleus

animal and plant

Question 4

mitochondrion

Answer 4

produces energy for cell. also regulates cell metabolism

animal and plant

Question 5

lysosomes

Answer 5

contain digestive enzymes which break down worn out organelles, food and viruses.

animal and plant

Question 6

vacuoles

Answer 6

hold materials like food, water and waste. maintains turgor of cell.

plant (tiny in animal)

Question 7

golgi bodies

Answer 7

bundles materials like proteins and transports it for export of the cell.

animal and plant

Question 8

chloroplasts

Answer 8

trap light energy for it to be turned into chemical energy. site of photosynthesis. contain chlorophyll

plant

Question 9

smooth e.r

Answer 9

acts as a storage organelle. important in the creation and storage of lipids. also helps detoxify cells.

around nucleus

animal and plant

Question 10

ribosomes

Answer 10

make protein for basic cell tasks.

animal and plant

Question 11

nucleus

Answer 11

contains genetic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes.

in the centre

animal and plant

Question 12

rough e.r

Answer 12

covered in ribosomes, manufactures proteins for
export.

around nucleus

animal and plant

Question 13

nucleolus

Answer 13

holds material to make ribosomes

inside nucleus

animal and plant

Question 14

centriole

Answer 14

involved in cell division, helps in creating spindle fibres.

animal

Question 15

peroxisome

Answer 15

contains the reducing enzyme catalase and some oxidases

animal and plant

Question 16

increased SA:VOL ratio

Answer 16

results in increased exposure to the surrounding environment. This is small animals that need to have fur as they lose body heat due to high ratio.

Question 17

decreased SA:VOL ratio

Answer 17

results in decreased exposure to the surrounding environment. This is large animals who need to live close to water in cold environments as they cannot lose body heat as fast and need to keep cool by other methods.

Question 18

what type of things can increase SA:VOL ratio

Answer 18

flattened, long cells

many branches

extra extensions

Question 19

cytosol

Answer 19

solution surrounding all organelles in a cell. site for chemical reactions.

animal and plant

Question 20

what is a eukaryote

Answer 20

a cell that comes together with other cells to usually make a multi-cellular organism

Question 21

what a prokaryote

Answer 21

a cell that comes together with the same cells to make a uni-cellular organism

Question 22

differences between plant and animal cells

Answer 22

animal cells have centrioles, plants don’t

plant cells have large vacuoles and cell walls, animals do not

plant cells have a rigid, brick like shape, animals are more circular

most plant cells have chloroplasts, animals do not.

Question 23

what is endocytosis

Answer 23

entry of the cell.

phagocytosis= solid material

pinocytosis= liquid material

Question 24

what is exocytosis

Answer 24

exit of the cell via secretory vesicles

Question 25

secretory vesicles

Answer 25

vesicles that transport molecules leaving the cell to the cell membrane and out of the cell. near golgi bodies animal and plant

Question 26

two examples of microscopes

Answer 26

optical and electron

Question 27

explain optical microscopes

Answer 27

specimens are illuminated by visible light focused on them. it is seen through lenses. usually light microscope

Question 28

explain electron microscopes

Answer 28

specimens are illuminated by an electron beam that is shot at the specimen.

Question 29

how can you get a clearer image using a light microscope

Answer 29

using a higher magnification | dying the specimen

Question 30

what is an advantage of using an electron microscope

Answer 30

get more detailed and clearer images

Question 31

what is a disadvantage of using an electron microscope

Answer 31

cannot produce coloured image | can only use dead specimens

Question 32

what organelles are found in prokaryotes

Answer 32

``` a nucleoid (looks like steel wool) ribosomes a flagellum (tail) cell membrane plasmids ```

Question 33

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells`

Answer 33

eukaryotes have a nucleus, pros have a nuclei eukaryotes are much larger euk have membrane bound organelles, pro don't

Question 34

functions common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 34

reproduction cellular respiration input/output of waste.

Question 35

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 35

selective transport structural support cell recognition cell signalling

Question 36

what components make up the plasma membrane

Answer 36

phospholipid bi layer proteins cholesterol

Question 37

what are phospholipids

Answer 37

a phosphate head and fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic`

Question 38

what is the purpose of the cholesterol in the membrane

Answer 38

to give extra support to the membrane. with out it, the membrane would be too fluid and not strong enough to retain a shape.

Question 39

what are the 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 39

channel proteins | carrier proteins

Question 40

what are channel proteins

Answer 40

transmembrane proteins that have a channel or narrow pathway that allows specific molecules to pass through into and out of the cell.

Question 41

what are carrier proteins

Answer 41

transmembrane proteins which mould their shape to physically "push" particles in and out of the cell.

Question 42

define diffusion

Answer 42

the passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 43

define simple diffusion

Answer 43

where molecules can diffuse through a plasma membrane without the need of integral proteins

Question 44

define facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

where molecules diffusing through a plasma membrane pass through integral proteins as they are too large for simple diffusion.

Question 45

define osmosis

Answer 45

the passive movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 46

define active transport

Answer 46

the movement of particles against a concentration gradient. This process requires energy and is not passive.

Question 47

cytoskeleton

Answer 47

framework that supports organelles in the cell.