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eBIOLOGY Unit 1/2 > Chapter 1/2 - Cells: basic units of life on earth > Flashcards

Chapter 1/2 - Cells: basic units of life on earth Flashcards

1
Q

plasma membrane

A

controls movement of particles in and out of the cell.

around the perimeter of cell

animal and plant

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2
Q

cell wall

A

helps plant cells keep there structure and protect them from external forces

around the perimeter of cell

plant

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

gives the cell its shape and keeps organelles in place.

within the cell excluding nucleus

animal and plant

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4
Q

mitochondrion

A

produces energy for cell. also regulates cell metabolism

animal and plant

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5
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes which break down worn out organelles, food and viruses.

animal and plant

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6
Q

vacuoles

A

hold materials like food, water and waste. maintains turgor of cell.

plant (tiny in animal)

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7
Q

golgi bodies

A

bundles materials like proteins and transports it for export of the cell.

animal and plant

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8
Q

chloroplasts

A

trap light energy for it to be turned into chemical energy. site of photosynthesis. contain chlorophyll

plant

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9
Q

smooth e.r

A

acts as a storage organelle. important in the creation and storage of lipids. also helps detoxify cells.

around nucleus

animal and plant

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

make protein for basic cell tasks.

animal and plant

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11
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes.

in the centre

animal and plant

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12
Q

rough e.r

A

covered in ribosomes, manufactures proteins for
export.

around nucleus

animal and plant

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

holds material to make ribosomes

inside nucleus

animal and plant

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14
Q

centriole

A

involved in cell division, helps in creating spindle fibres.

animal

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

contains the reducing enzyme catalase and some oxidases

animal and plant

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16
Q

increased SA:VOL ratio

A

results in increased exposure to the surrounding environment. This is small animals that need to have fur as they lose body heat due to high ratio.

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17
Q

decreased SA:VOL ratio

A

results in decreased exposure to the surrounding environment. This is large animals who need to live close to water in cold environments as they cannot lose body heat as fast and need to keep cool by other methods.

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18
Q

what type of things can increase SA:VOL ratio

A

flattened, long cells

many branches

extra extensions

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19
Q

cytosol

A

solution surrounding all organelles in a cell. site for chemical reactions.

animal and plant

20
Q

what is a eukaryote

A

a cell that comes together with other cells to usually make a multi-cellular organism

21
Q

what a prokaryote

A

a cell that comes together with the same cells to make a uni-cellular organism

22
Q

differences between plant and animal cells

A

animal cells have centrioles, plants don’t

plant cells have large vacuoles and cell walls, animals do not

plant cells have a rigid, brick like shape, animals are more circular

most plant cells have chloroplasts, animals do not.

23
Q

what is endocytosis

A

entry of the cell.

phagocytosis= solid material

pinocytosis= liquid material

24
Q

what is exocytosis

A

exit of the cell via secretory vesicles

25
Q

secretory vesicles

A

vesicles that transport molecules leaving the cell to the cell membrane and out of the cell.

near golgi bodies

animal and plant

26
Q

two examples of microscopes

A

optical and electron

27
Q

explain optical microscopes

A

specimens are illuminated by visible light focused on them. it is seen through lenses.
usually light microscope

28
Q

explain electron microscopes

A

specimens are illuminated by an electron beam that is shot at the specimen.

29
Q

how can you get a clearer image using a light microscope

A

using a higher magnification

dying the specimen

30
Q

what is an advantage of using an electron microscope

A

get more detailed and clearer images

31
Q

what is a disadvantage of using an electron microscope

A

cannot produce coloured image

can only use dead specimens

32
Q

what organelles are found in prokaryotes

A 
a nucleoid (looks like steel wool)
ribosomes
a flagellum (tail)
cell membrane
plasmids
33
Q

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells`

A

eukaryotes have a nucleus, pros have a nuclei

eukaryotes are much larger

euk have membrane bound organelles, pro don’t

34
Q

functions common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

reproduction
cellular respiration
input/output of waste.

35
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

selective transport
structural support
cell recognition
cell signalling

36
Q

what components make up the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bi layer
proteins
cholesterol

37
Q

what are phospholipids

A

a phosphate head and fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic`

38
Q

what is the purpose of the cholesterol in the membrane

A

to give extra support to the membrane. with out it, the membrane would be too fluid and not strong enough to retain a shape.

39
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

channel proteins

carrier proteins

40
Q

what are channel proteins

A

transmembrane proteins that have a channel or narrow pathway that allows specific molecules to pass through into and out of the cell.

41
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

transmembrane proteins which mould their shape to physically “push” particles in and out of the cell.

42
Q

define diffusion

A

the passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

43
Q

define simple diffusion

A

where molecules can diffuse through a plasma membrane without the need of integral proteins

44
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

where molecules diffusing through a plasma membrane pass through integral proteins as they are too large for simple diffusion.

45
Q

define osmosis

A

the passive movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

46
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of particles against a concentration gradient. This process requires energy and is not passive.

47
Q

cytoskeleton

A

framework that supports organelles in the cell.

eBIOLOGY Unit 1/2 (7 decks)

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