Chapter 1, 2, & 3 - Vocab and Perspectives

Question 1

Motor learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience.

Question 2

Motor control

Answer 2

The neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement.

Question 3

Physical growth

Answer 3

Quantitative increase in size or body mass.

Question 4

Physical maturation

Answer 4

• Qualitative advance in biological makeup
• Cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition

Question 5

Aging

Answer 5

Process occurring with the passage of time, leading loss of adaptability and full function, and eventually death.

Question 6

Individual constraints

Answer 6

• Unique physical and mental characteristics
• Internal
  Structural: related to body structure
  - Height, weight
  Functional: related to behavioral function
  - Attention, motivation

Question 7

Environmental Constraints

Answer 7

• Properties of the environment
• External
• Global; not task specific
  Physical: gravity, surfaces
  Sociocultural: gender roles, social norms

Question 8

Task constraints

Answer 8

• Specific task requirements or goals
• External
• NOT related to the individual
• Goal of task, rules guiding task performance, equipment

Question 9

Disabilities

Answer 9

Differences in structural or functional individual constraints

Question 10

Longitudinal Study

Answer 10

An individual or group is observed over a long period of time.

Question 11

Cross-sectional Study

Answer 11

• Individuals or groups of different ages are observed.
• Change is inferred, not actually observed

Question 12

Sequential or Mixed-longitudinal

Answer 12

Mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages.

Question 13

Meta-analysis

Answer 13

Statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one, more generalizable estimate of an effect.

Question 14

Systematic Review

Answer 14

Many similar studies on a topic are compared and contrasted.

Question 15

Maturational Perspective

Answer 15

• Genetics and heredity are primarily responsible for motor development
• Advancements in the central nervous system trigger appearance of new skills
• Environment has little effect

Question 16

Ecological perspective

Answer 16

• Development is driven by interrelationship of individual, environment, and task
• CNS is not the executive controller
• Control of actions and processes is distributed throughout the body systems
• Two branches
  1) Dynamical Systems
  2) Perception-Action

Question 17

Dynamical Systems

Answer 17

• Body systems spontaneously self-organize, and are not driven solely by the CNS.
• Interaction between body systems, performer’s environment, and task demands
• Change occurs throughout the lifespan
• Some systems develop and deteriorate more slowly and control rate of development or change.

Question 18

Perception-action

Answer 18

• Action is a response to a perception
• Actions generate perception and the link between them is strengthened.

Question 19

Affordance

Answer 19

The function an environmental object provides to an individual.

Question 20

Information Processing Perspective

Answer 20

• Motor development driven by external processes (nurture)
• Brain acts like a computer
• The passive human responds to stimuli in environment
• Input, encoding, processing, feedback

Question 21

Stability

Answer 21

• Ability to resist movement
• Stability-mobility trade-off

Question 22

Balance

Answer 22

Ability to maintain equilibrium