Chapter 1, 2, & 3 - Vocab and Perspectives Flashcards
Motor learning
Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience.
Motor control
The neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement.
Physical growth
Quantitative increase in size or body mass.
Physical maturation
- Qualitative advance in biological makeup
- Cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition
Aging
Process occurring with the passage of time, leading loss of adaptability and full function, and eventually death.
Individual constraints
- Unique physical and mental characteristics
- Internal
Structural: related to body structure
- Height, weight
Functional: related to behavioral function
- Attention, motivation
Environmental Constraints
- Properties of the environment
- External
- Global; not task specific
Physical: gravity, surfaces
Sociocultural: gender roles, social norms
Task constraints
- Specific task requirements or goals
- External
- NOT related to the individual
- Goal of task, rules guiding task performance, equipment
Disabilities
Differences in structural or functional individual constraints
Longitudinal Study
An individual or group is observed over a long period of time.
Cross-sectional Study
- Individuals or groups of different ages are observed.
- Change is inferred, not actually observed
Sequential or Mixed-longitudinal
Mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages.
Meta-analysis
Statistical technique integrates the effects observed in many studies into one, more generalizable estimate of an effect.
Systematic Review
Many similar studies on a topic are compared and contrasted.
Maturational Perspective
- Genetics and heredity are primarily responsible for motor development
- Advancements in the central nervous system trigger appearance of new skills
- Environment has little effect
Ecological perspective
- Development is driven by interrelationship of individual, environment, and task
- CNS is not the executive controller
- Control of actions and processes is distributed throughout the body systems
- Two branches
1) Dynamical Systems
2) Perception-Action
Dynamical Systems
- Body systems spontaneously self-organize, and are not driven solely by the CNS.
- Interaction between body systems, performer’s environment, and task demands
- Change occurs throughout the lifespan
- Some systems develop and deteriorate more slowly and control rate of development or change.
Perception-action
- Action is a response to a perception
- Actions generate perception and the link between them is strengthened.
Affordance
The function an environmental object provides to an individual.
Information Processing Perspective
- Motor development driven by external processes (nurture)
- Brain acts like a computer
- The passive human responds to stimuli in environment
- Input, encoding, processing, feedback
Stability
- Ability to resist movement
- Stability-mobility trade-off
Balance
Ability to maintain equilibrium
