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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

proximal

A

nearest to the point of attachment or origin of the structure
(closer to trunk)

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2
Q

distal

A

farthest away from the point of attachment or origin of the structure (away from trunk)

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3
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy in any object/system. not affected by environment. (Position/state)

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of object/system in motion

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5
Q

4 main elements

A

CHON

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6
Q

4 main macromolecules

A

protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

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7
Q

isotope

A

type of an atom with diff. number of neutrons

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8
Q

radioisotope

A

unstable atom (too many/too little neutrons), when neutrons break off, radiation occurs.

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9
Q

radiosotopes and imaging

A

injecting radioactive substance in blood to see certain body structures

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10
Q

compound

A

chemical combination of elements

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11
Q

mixture

A

physical combination of substances

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12
Q

solutions

A

pure substance (homogoneous) usually transparent

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13
Q

colloids

A

heterogenous
translucent appearance
doesn’t separate

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14
Q

suspension

A

solute settles out over time
cloudy/opaque
can be filtered

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15
Q

hydrogen bond in water

A

dipole dipole attraction betwen molecules

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16
Q

pH scale

A

0-6 acid (more H plus ions)
7 neutral
8-14 base (aklaline) (more OH minus ions)

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17
Q

pH and human body

A

-body needs to be at specific pH level (7.35-45)
-digestive enzymes require specific pH, so does mouth)
-low CO2 levels levels (increased pH) leads to slower breathing to reduce pH

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18
Q

what regulates blood pH

A

kidneys by excreting acids in urine

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19
Q

lymphatic system

A

helps filters stuff out of blood
immune system

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20
Q

urinary system

A

helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of blood

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21
Q

parts of feedback loop

A

stimuli hits receptor (sensor)
input goes down afferent pathway to control center
output goes out control center and down efferent pathway to effector
effector produces response to stimulus (pos or neg feedback)

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22
Q

neg feedback loop

A

response reducing/shutting off original stimulus
*taking you back to set point
*controls almost everything in body

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23
Q

receptor (aka sensor)

A

measures variable
aka thermostat

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24
Q

control center

A

AKA INTEGRATOR
determines set point and appropriate response
aka THERMOSTAT

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25
Q

effector

A

thing that causes the change to get back to normal
pos or neg feedback
aka FURNACE

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

dynamic equilibrium of set point
(range)

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27
Q

carbohydrates

A

CH2O
made of monsaccharides
-instant energy production (glycolysis) and storage
*glycogen stored in muscle and liver
-building DNA and RNA and ATP

28
Q

lipids

A

-triglycerides, sterols, phospholipids
-insoluble in water
-made for storing energy in fatty tissue (energy reserve)
-regulation and signaling (control body’s internal climate and helps produce and regulate hormones)

29
Q

proteins

A

-made of amino acids
-provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical rxns

30
Q

nucleic acids

A

-made of nucleotides
-store and pass on genetic info

31
Q

cell membrane

A

-made of hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails
-small and nonpolar molecules can pass through

32
Q

glycolipids

A

facilitate cellular recognition

33
Q

glycoproteins

A

receptors for chemical signaling

34
Q

membrane protein functions

A
  1. transport (water going through aquaporin)
  2. receptors for signal transduction
  3. attachment to cytoskeleton
35
Q

tight junctions

A

-outer layers of cell membranes fuse
(looks like little bowties)
regulates movement of solutes

36
Q

gap junctions

A

proteins form tunnel between cells
allows molecules to pass between tunnel

37
Q

desmosome junction

A

circular spot pushes membrane together with connective filaments
maintains structural connections

38
Q

passive transport

A

-diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
high to low

39
Q

active transport

A

requires energy (low to high)
vesicular
pumps (sodium potassium)

40
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solutes in solution > solutes in cell

41
Q

isotonic solution

A

solutes in solution = solutes in cell

42
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solutes in solution < solutes in cell

43
Q

crenation

A

cell shrinkage

44
Q

enzyme rxn rates

A

pH, temp, concentration, pressure, certain chemicals, electrical charges

45
Q

primary struture

A

sequence of amino acids

46
Q

secondary structure

A

helix or pleated sheet

47
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape of 1 protein. fibrous or globular

48
Q

quaternary structure

A

putting 2 or more 3D proteins together
ex: when blot clotting proteins damage, two join together to form functioning blood clot

49
Q

enzymes

A

lower the activation energy of rxns

50
Q

RNA

A

Udracil
single stranded
mRNA, tRNA

51
Q

DNA

A

double stranded *antiparallel
replicates before cell division
largest mol. in body

52
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth: makes phospholipids
rough: makes/modifies/folds proteins
*if modified proteins don’t stay inside cell, they are packed in vesicles and sent to golgi

53
Q

golgi body

A

gets packages from ER
proteins and lipids are modified further
sends molecules out by vesicular transport to cell membrane and out of cell

54
Q

endomembrane system run through

A
  1. transport vesicle buds off from smooth/rough ER
  2. vesicle goes to golgi and dumps contents
  3. after modifying molecule, golgi sends to cell membrane or somewhere else in cell
55
Q

mitochondria

A

place of cellular respiration (glycolysis)

56
Q

nucleus

A

transcription happens here

57
Q

transcripton and translation

A

steps in protein synthesis

58
Q

transcription

A

occurs inside nucleus
Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a
complementary base sequence of an mRNA

59
Q

translation

A

occurs outside nucleus in ribosome (because mRNA can move out)

60
Q

tRNA

A

delivers amino acids to ribosomes where they are attached in a specific sequence

60
Q

tRNA

A

delivers amino acids to ribosomes where they are attached in a specific sequence

61
Q

cell cycle

A
  1. interphase
    a. g1: making proteins to copy DNA (46)
    b. s- phase (synthesis): copy DNA (92)
    c. g2: making more proteins to help cell divide (92)
  2. m-phase (mitosis)
    a. PMAT and CK (46 46)
62
Q

g0 phase

A

cell is just doing its job, not dividing

63
Q

quiescence

A

g0 phase where cells rest until they receive a signal to re-enter cell cycle

64
Q

levels of organization

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

65
Q

survival needs

A

nutrients (chemicals for energy and cell building)
oxygen (oxidative chemical rxns, like those that release energy)
water (chem rxns need watery environment)
body temp (stable and normal for metabolic rxns @ proper rate)
atmospheric pressure (to support cellular metabolism and blood flow)

Anatomy & Physiology (20 decks)

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