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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

proximal

A

nearest to the point of attachment or origin of the structure
(closer to trunk)

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2
Q

distal

A

farthest away from the point of attachment or origin of the structure (away from trunk)

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3
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy in any object/system. not affected by environment. (Position/state)

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of object/system in motion

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5
Q

4 main elements

A

CHON

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6
Q

4 main macromolecules

A

protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

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7
Q

isotope

A

type of an atom with diff. number of neutrons

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8
Q

radioisotope

A

unstable atom (too many/too little neutrons), when neutrons break off, radiation occurs.

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9
Q

radiosotopes and imaging

A

injecting radioactive substance in blood to see certain body structures

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10
Q

compound

A

chemical combination of elements

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11
Q

mixture

A

physical combination of substances

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12
Q

solutions

A

pure substance (homogoneous) usually transparent

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13
Q

colloids

A

heterogenous
translucent appearance
doesn’t separate

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14
Q

suspension

A

solute settles out over time
cloudy/opaque
can be filtered

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15
Q

hydrogen bond in water

A

dipole dipole attraction betwen molecules

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16
Q

pH scale

A

0-6 acid (more H plus ions)
7 neutral
8-14 base (aklaline) (more OH minus ions)

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17
Q

pH and human body

A

-body needs to be at specific pH level (7.35-45)
-digestive enzymes require specific pH, so does mouth)
-low CO2 levels levels (increased pH) leads to slower breathing to reduce pH

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18
Q

what regulates blood pH

A

kidneys by excreting acids in urine

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19
Q

lymphatic system

A

helps filters stuff out of blood
immune system

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20
Q

urinary system

A

helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of blood

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21
Q

parts of feedback loop

A

stimuli hits receptor (sensor)
input goes down afferent pathway to control center
output goes out control center and down efferent pathway to effector
effector produces response to stimulus (pos or neg feedback)

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22
Q

neg feedback loop

A

response reducing/shutting off original stimulus
*taking you back to set point
*controls almost everything in body

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23
Q

receptor (aka sensor)

A

measures variable
aka thermostat

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24
Q

control center

A

AKA INTEGRATOR
determines set point and appropriate response
aka THERMOSTAT

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25
effector
thing that causes the change to get back to normal pos or neg feedback aka FURNACE
26
homeostasis
dynamic equilibrium of set point (range)
27
carbohydrates
CH2O made of monsaccharides -instant energy production (glycolysis) and storage *glycogen stored in muscle and liver -building DNA and RNA and ATP
28
lipids
-triglycerides, sterols, phospholipids -insoluble in water -made for storing energy in fatty tissue (energy reserve) -regulation and signaling (control body's internal climate and helps produce and regulate hormones)
29
proteins
-made of amino acids -provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical rxns
30
nucleic acids
-made of nucleotides -store and pass on genetic info
31
cell membrane
-made of hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails -small and nonpolar molecules can pass through
32
glycolipids
facilitate cellular recognition
33
glycoproteins
receptors for chemical signaling
34
membrane protein functions
1. transport (water going through aquaporin) 2. receptors for signal transduction 3. attachment to cytoskeleton
35
tight junctions
-outer layers of cell membranes fuse (looks like little bowties) regulates movement of solutes
36
gap junctions
proteins form tunnel between cells allows molecules to pass between tunnel
37
desmosome junction
circular spot pushes membrane together with connective filaments maintains structural connections
38
passive transport
-diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion high to low
39
active transport
requires energy (low to high) vesicular pumps (sodium potassium)
40
hypertonic solution
solutes in solution > solutes in cell
41
isotonic solution
solutes in solution = solutes in cell
42
hypotonic solution
solutes in solution < solutes in cell
43
crenation
cell shrinkage
44
enzyme rxn rates
pH, temp, concentration, pressure, certain chemicals, electrical charges
45
primary struture
sequence of amino acids
46
secondary structure
helix or pleated sheet
47
tertiary structure
3D shape of 1 protein. fibrous or globular
48
quaternary structure
putting 2 or more 3D proteins together ex: when blot clotting proteins damage, two join together to form functioning blood clot
49
enzymes
lower the activation energy of rxns
50
RNA
Udracil single stranded mRNA, tRNA
51
DNA
double stranded *antiparallel replicates before cell division largest mol. in body
52
endoplasmic reticulum
smooth: makes phospholipids rough: makes/modifies/folds proteins *if modified proteins don't stay inside cell, they are packed in vesicles and sent to golgi
53
golgi body
gets packages from ER proteins and lipids are modified further sends molecules out by vesicular transport to cell membrane and out of cell
54
endomembrane system run through
1. transport vesicle buds off from smooth/rough ER 2. vesicle goes to golgi and dumps contents 3. after modifying molecule, golgi sends to cell membrane or somewhere else in cell
55
mitochondria
place of cellular respiration (glycolysis)
56
nucleus
transcription happens here
57
transcripton and translation
steps in protein synthesis
58
transcription
occurs inside nucleus Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA
59
translation
occurs outside nucleus in ribosome (because mRNA can move out)
60
tRNA
delivers amino acids to ribosomes where they are attached in a specific sequence
60
tRNA
delivers amino acids to ribosomes where they are attached in a specific sequence
61
cell cycle
1. interphase a. g1: making proteins to copy DNA (46) b. s- phase (synthesis): copy DNA (92) c. g2: making more proteins to help cell divide (92) 2. m-phase (mitosis) a. PMAT and CK (46 46)
62
g0 phase
cell is just doing its job, not dividing
63
quiescence
g0 phase where cells rest until they receive a signal to re-enter cell cycle
64
levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
65
survival needs
nutrients (chemicals for energy and cell building) oxygen (oxidative chemical rxns, like those that release energy) water (chem rxns need watery environment) body temp (stable and normal for metabolic rxns @ proper rate) atmospheric pressure (to support cellular metabolism and blood flow)

Anatomy & Physiology (20 decks)

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