chapter 1,2,3 Flashcards
a science that draw on information from multiple disciplines
pharmacology
the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or prevent pregnancy
pharmacotherapeutics
the study of drugs in human
clinical pharmacology
3 main properties of ideal drug:
- Effectiveness- most important property, does what it says it does
- Safety- cant produce harmful effects
- Selectivity- elicits only the response for which its given
The therapeutic objective of drug therapy:
is to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
Factors that determine the intensity of drug responses:
- Administration- dose size, route, timing of dosing
2. Medication Errors- by person or wrong drug, dose, route, time etc.
how much of administered dose gets to sites of action in the body
Pharmacokinetics
The impact of the body on drugs
Pharmacokinetics
-drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
the impact of the drugs on the body
pharmacodynamics
the first step of pharmacodynamics:
- drug binds to receptors
- drug takes effect in the body
individual variations on how a drug affects someone:
- physiological- age, gender, genetic makeup
- pathological- kidney or liver problems
- genetic-
drug interactions- can inactivate or cause 1 to have more affect than other drug
what is the nurses role in pharmacology?
- follow patient status closely
- observe drug responses
- detect mistakes made
- last person to check meds before they’re given
All drug therapy begins with:
assessment of the patient
assessment has 3 basic goals:
- collect baseline data (pre-existing health problems)
- identify high-risk patients (allergies, pregnancy, age, pathophysiology, genetic factors)
3.assess the patients capacity for self-care
(always check pt’s chart and preadmission assessment)
The 2nd phase of application of drug therapy is:
dosage and administration
Dosage and Administration has 3 rules:
- Why is it being given? Understand what the drug is used for.
- Is the dose appropriate for the route?(morphine PO or Injection)
- Risk of injury related to dosing
The most common medications errors are? (4)
- wrong Patient
- Wrong Dose
- Wrong IV BAG
- Look alike/sound alike drugs
The 3rd phase of application of drug therapy is:
Evaluating and Promoting Therapeutic Effects
Evaluating and Promoting Therapeutic Effets
- Evaluate therapeutic responses- supportive measures by nurse to ^ therapeutic effects of drugs
- Promote patient adherence
- implement non-drug measures- educate patient
Patient education on drugs provided should include:
- dosage and administration
- promotion of therapeutic effect information
- minimize adverse reactions- don’t double up if you miss one.
- minimize adverse reactions- educate them on what can happen if they don’t take meds or take too much.
What is the nursing process used before you administer any drugs?
ADPIE Assessement Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation
Drug regulation is implemented by the ___
FDA
Food and Drug administration
Controlled substances Act
- created schedules I-V of controlled drugs
- schedule I is illegal and no use in U.S. allowed
- Schedule II-V are used in U.S. but potential for abuse
creating a new drug takes anywhere from __ to __
10-15 years
the most reliable way to objectively assess drug therapies
Randomized Control Trials
what are the 2 stages of new drug development?
- Preclinical- tested on animals
2. Clinical- 4 phases and takes anywhere from 2-10 years to complete before it hits the market
Stage 4 of the Clinical phase of new drug development includes:
the release of the new drug for general use, permitting observation of its effects in a large population
What are the 3 types of drug names with an example?
- Chemical: name using chemistry words, not used in clinical setting
- Generic: One generic name, preferred for general use
- Trade: Brand name, must be FDA approved, created by drug company
Over the counter drugs:
- purchased without perscription
- Accounts for 60% of all doses of medication admin
- 40% of ppl use OTC meds at least every other day
The average household has ___ OTC meds in their home
24
OTC accounts for ___ of all doses of meds administered and ___ of Americans use them at least every other day
60%
40%
