Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Definition of counselling According to the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA) (2015),

Answer 1

Counselling is the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self- knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources. The overall aim of counsellors is to provide an opportunity for people to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully.

Question 2

describe the similarities and differences between guidance, counselling, and psychotherapy.

Answer 2

Guidance is the process of helping people make important choices and decisions that affect their lives.

Psychotherapy emphasized the past more than the present, insight more than change, detachment of the therapist, therapist is an expert.

Counselling is the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources.

Question 3

list the major events that influenced the development of counselling from before 1900 to 2000.

Answer 3

before 1900 - advice or information. arose from humanitarian concerns & public education; Moral Therapy Movement in France migrated to Canada - a humane approach to treat psychological problems

1900-1909 2 movements - mental health movement and the vocational guidance movement (industrial revolution problems) - Frank Parsons (vocational guidance & youth) & Clifford Beers (exposed mental health from inside out)

1910-1940 -

before 1950 - Psychoanalysis (Freud), Williamson, humanistic (Rogers), BF Skinner.

Question 4

identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.

Answer 4

• Humanistic Theories of Maslow, Arbuckle and Jourard
• Group counselling movement
• Revolution in Counselling (1966) Krumboltz behavioural counselling
• ERIC Clearinghouse - Walz - ERIC/CAPS impact of government in development of counselling
• Creation of Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association - changed to CCA, then CCPA in 2009

Question 5

advocacy

Answer 5

Advocacy involves helping clients challenge institutional and social barriers that impede academic, career or personal-social development. The purpose is to increase a client’s sense of personal power and to foster sociopolitical changes that reflect greater responsiveness to the client’s personal needs.

Question 6

social work

Answer 6

regulated. BSW - some administer government programs, others counsel - it’s mission is to negotiate social systems and advocate for change, understand clients habitats and to provide social services

Question 7

burnout

Answer 7

state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully. In a burnout state, counsellors develop a negative self-concept, a negative job attitude, and even loss of concern, compassion and feeling for others .

Question 8

How to Avoid Burnout

Answer 8

• Avoid taking work home
• Develop interests outside of counselling
• rejuvenate self - newness in material, office surrounding, writing, presenting
• associating with healthy individuals
  *working with others who have a sense of misison
• reasonably committed to a theory of counselling
• using stress reduction exercises
• Modifying environmental stressors
  *obtaining counselling
  *having free & private time
• detached concern
• keeping an attitude of hope.

Question 9

effective counsellors

Answer 9

Personality Qualities of Effective counsellors include:
*Curiosity - natural interest in people
* Ability to listen
* comfort with conversation
* Empathy and understanding
* Emotional insightfulness
* Introspection
* capacity for self-denial
* tolerance of intimacy
* comfort with power
* ability to laugh

*Intellectual competence
* energy
* flexibility
* Support
* goodwill
* Self-awareness

Question 10

enlightenment model

Answer 10

clients responsible for causing their problems but not for solving them. - need the expertise of the counsellor

Question 11

Generalist human service workers

Question 12

medical model

Answer 12

clients are not held responsible for causing or solving their problems. no blame, but can become dependent

Question 13

compensatory model

Answer 13

clients didn’t cause their problems but are responsible for fixing them. counsellors take subordinate role, act as teachers that provide education

Question 14

moral model

Answer 14

self-help movement. clients caused and are responsible for fixing their problems. counsellors as coaches/motivators

Question 15

medical/pathological model

Answer 15

DSM treatment model

Question 16

psychiatrists

Answer 16

medical degree MD, specialize in major psychological disorders, prescribe medication

Question 17

psychologists

Answer 17

regulated within the province

Question 18

social workers

Answer 18

regulated within province - mission mandates to negotiate social systems and advocate for change and help clients

Question 19

racism

Answer 19

prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways

Question 20

Qualities of Counsellors

Answer 20

intellectual competence
energy
flexibility
support
goodwill
self awarenes

Question 21

Ethical codes:

Answer 21

1) protect the profession from the government (autonomy)
2) Stability in the profession (control internal disagreement)
3) Protect practitioners from the public (malpractice suits and acceptable standards)

Question 22

ethnocentrism

Answer 22

the idea that people judge other cultures as less than or inferior to their own and this judgement is often extrapolated to individuals living in or emigrating from other cultures.

Question 23

Pedersen (1982) believes it is essential for counsellors to be sensitive to cultures in regard to…

Answer 23

knowledge/awareness/skills

Question 24

Behavioural Counselling gained importance through:

Answer 24

John Krumboltz “Revolution in Counselling”

Question 25

Dimirsky and Brandes (2010) maintain that

Answer 25

a) many counsellors only see culture applying to people different than themselves
b) cultural blindness is a problem that will affect the effectiveness of counselling
c) client’s socioeconomic status (SES) may be either a short-term situational factor or a longer term, more pervasive cultural issue

Question 26

Frank Parsons

Answer 26

Founder of the Boston Vocational Bureau and is called the Father of Guidance

Question 27

E.G. Williamson

Answer 27

Counsellor Centered

Question 28

Carl Rogers

Answer 28

Client-Centered

Question 29

Medical Model

Answer 29

Clients are not held responsible for either the cause of their problem or the solution

Question 30

Moral Model

Answer 30

Self-help movement - clients are responsible for both causing and solving their problems

Question 31

Compensatory Model

Answer 31

responsible only for sovling their problems, but not causing them

Question 32

Enlightenment Model

Answer 32

responsible for causing their problems but not for solving them

Question 33

There are situations where the law and professional counselling ethics are in conflict. Identify and briefly describe three situations that involve the sharing of information among clients, counsellors and the court system

Answer 33

Confidentiality vs Duty to Warn/Protect: In situations where a client reveals plans or intentions to harm themselves or others, counselors face a dilemma between maintaining client confidentiality and fulfilling their duty to warn potential victims or intervene to prevent harm. While professional ethics generally prioritize confidentiality to foster trust and openness in the therapeutic relationship, the law requires counselors to disclose such information to protect individuals at risk.

Confidentiality vs abuse - If a client admits to abusing a child or dependent adult, according to the law, they must be reported.

Confidentiality vs subpoenaed records - By law, if records are subpoenaed a counsellor must give their records to the court.

Question 34

How did the growing professionalization of psychology contribute to the growth and popularity of counselling in Canada in the 1980’s

Answer 34

In 1986, the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) formed it’s first counselling section and by 1989 the CPA had accreditation criteria formed after the American Psychological Association.

Making the counselling section started the counselling psychology discipline in Canada, placing it within the discipline of Psychology.

From there, human growth and development emphasis expanded, as well as new behavioural models for aging adults. This time frame is also associated with more awareness of gender issues and sexual preferences, feminist theories, moral development models and also issues related to diversity and multiculralism.