Chapter 1

Question 0

Cross-sectional design

Answer 0

-Groups of people of one age are compared with other people of another age.

Question 1

Correctional Method

Answer 1

Exists between 2 variables, if one variable is more or less likely to occur.
-positive if both variables ⬆️, neg if variables ⬆️⬇️, zero if no connection if evident

Question 2

Longitudinal Research

Answer 2

• collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age.
• useful for tracing development over many years.

Question 3

Case Study

Answer 3

• the in depth study of one person.

- require a interviews, background info, discussions, tests and follow-ups

Question 4

Cross-Sequential Design

Answer 4

• Researchers study several groups of people, all different ages, and follow them over the years.
• most complicated, lets scientists disentangle age from history.

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

• John Watson
• studying observable behavior, also called learning theory.
• unconscious motives and drives

Question 6

Classical Conditioning-

Answer 6

Process in which a person learns to associate a neutral stimulus( a sound) with a meaningful stimulus( food), and gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same behavior as Toby he meaningful one.

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

• Skinner
• aka instrumental conditioning
• a particular action is followed either by something desired, or by something unwanted.
• rewards and punishments

Question 8

Social Learning Theory

Answer 8

• extension on behaviorism
• Albert Bandura
• emphasizing that others influence each other’s behavior.
• even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns through observation and others

Question 9

Cognitive Theory

Answer 9

• Focuses on changes in how people think over time.
• Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
• Jean Piaget
• Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 10

Scientific Observation

Answer 10

Method of testing a hypothesis by watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner–in a natural setting, laboratory, or archival data.

Question 11

Experiment

Answer 11

A research method in which the esearcher tries to determine the cause/effect relationship btw 2 variables by manipulating one and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other.

Question 12

Independent Variable

Answer 12

• Also called the experimental.
• New treatment or special condition.
• affects the dependent variable.

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Answer 13

• The variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.
• Depends on the independent variable.

Question 14

Survey

Answer 14

• Information is collected from a large number of people by interview or questionnaire.
• Survey respondents present themselves as they would like to be perceived.

Question 15

Nature

Answer 15

• Influence of the genes that people inherit.

- Traits, capacities, and limitations

Question 16

Nurture

Answer 16

-Refers to environmental influences that affect developmental after the individual is conceived. beginning with health and diet of the embryos mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community, and society.

Question 17

Sensitive Period

Answer 17

• Example would be language and childhood.

- Certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily.

Question 18

Exosystem

Answer 18

Local institutions: Schools or Church

Question 19

Exosystem

Answer 19

Local institutions: Schools or Chruch

Question 20

Mesosystem

Answer 20

Interactions among systems, as when parents and teachers coordinate to educate a child.

Question 21

Mesosystem

Answer 21

Interactions among systems, as when parents and teachers coordinate to educate a child.

Question 22

Ecological Systems Approach

Answer 22

-Bronfenbrenner believed that a person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute life.

Question 23

Cohort

Answer 23

all individuals who are said to be born within a few years of one another.
-Experience same historical events and cultural shifts

Question 24

Chronosystem

Answer 24

Time system, role of historical conditions.

Question 25

Science of human development

Answer 25

seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

Question 26

Developmental theory

Answer 26

systematic statement of principals and generalizations, providing framework for understanding how and why people change over time.
-Interpret and illuminate the observations that have been made about human growth.

Question 27

Developmental theory

Answer 27

systematic statement of principals and generalizations, providing framework for understanding how and why people change over time.
-Interpret and illuminate the observations that have been made about human growth.

Question 28

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 28

• Inner drives and motives

- holds irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underline human behavior.

Question 29

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 29

Ericksons Stages.

Question 30

Informed Consent

Answer 30

Informed consent is a legal procedure to ensure that a patient, client, and research participants are aware of all the potential risks and costs involved in a treatment or procedure.