Chapter 1 Flashcards
Cross-sectional design
-Groups of people of one age are compared with other people of another age.
Correctional Method
Exists between 2 variables, if one variable is more or less likely to occur.
-positive if both variables ⬆️, neg if variables ⬆️⬇️, zero if no connection if evident
Longitudinal Research
- collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age.
- useful for tracing development over many years.
Case Study
- the in depth study of one person.
- require a interviews, background info, discussions, tests and follow-ups
Cross-Sequential Design
- Researchers study several groups of people, all different ages, and follow them over the years.
- most complicated, lets scientists disentangle age from history.
Behaviorism
- John Watson
- studying observable behavior, also called learning theory.
- unconscious motives and drives
Classical Conditioning-
Process in which a person learns to associate a neutral stimulus( a sound) with a meaningful stimulus( food), and gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same behavior as Toby he meaningful one.
Operant conditioning
- Skinner
- aka instrumental conditioning
- a particular action is followed either by something desired, or by something unwanted.
- rewards and punishments
Social Learning Theory
- extension on behaviorism
- Albert Bandura
- emphasizing that others influence each other’s behavior.
- even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns through observation and others
Cognitive Theory
- Focuses on changes in how people think over time.
- Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
- Jean Piaget
- Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Scientific Observation
Method of testing a hypothesis by watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner–in a natural setting, laboratory, or archival data.
Experiment
A research method in which the esearcher tries to determine the cause/effect relationship btw 2 variables by manipulating one and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other.
Independent Variable
- Also called the experimental.
- New treatment or special condition.
- affects the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
- The variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.
- Depends on the independent variable.
Survey
- Information is collected from a large number of people by interview or questionnaire.
- Survey respondents present themselves as they would like to be perceived.
Nature
- Influence of the genes that people inherit.
- Traits, capacities, and limitations
Nurture
-Refers to environmental influences that affect developmental after the individual is conceived. beginning with health and diet of the embryos mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community, and society.
Sensitive Period
- Example would be language and childhood.
- Certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily.
Exosystem
Local institutions: Schools or Church
Exosystem
Local institutions: Schools or Chruch
Mesosystem
Interactions among systems, as when parents and teachers coordinate to educate a child.
Mesosystem
Interactions among systems, as when parents and teachers coordinate to educate a child.
Ecological Systems Approach
-Bronfenbrenner believed that a person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute life.
Cohort
all individuals who are said to be born within a few years of one another.
-Experience same historical events and cultural shifts
Chronosystem
Time system, role of historical conditions.
Science of human development
seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.
Developmental theory
systematic statement of principals and generalizations, providing framework for understanding how and why people change over time.
-Interpret and illuminate the observations that have been made about human growth.
Developmental theory
systematic statement of principals and generalizations, providing framework for understanding how and why people change over time.
-Interpret and illuminate the observations that have been made about human growth.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Inner drives and motives
- holds irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underline human behavior.
Psychosocial Theory
Ericksons Stages.
Informed Consent
Informed consent is a legal procedure to ensure that a patient, client, and research participants are aware of all the potential risks and costs involved in a treatment or procedure.
