Chapter 1

Question 1

cranium

Answer 1

protects the brain, bony vault consisting of 8 bones fused together (thinner in back). in infants- not fused, more vulnerable to brain injury

Question 2

simple fracture of cranial bone

Answer 2

happens to the cranium, disperse force which can help protect the brain to a degree

Question 3

depressed skull fracture

Answer 3

happens to the cranium, bone breaks away and protects inward of brain, can expose central nervous system (blood, infection)

Question 4

Meninges

Answer 4

protects the brain, 3 layers of tissue that provide shock absorbtion (saran wrap). if penetrated=big increase in infection

Question 5

ventricular system

Answer 5

protects the brain, 4 ventricles, subarachnoid space and cerebral spinal fluid to provide cushion and spatial buffer

Question 6

incidence of brain injury

Answer 6

1.4 million annually have TBI’s. leading cause of illness (concussion to severe impairment)

Question 7

Pathophysiology of Injury

Answer 7

what happened

Question 8

Penetrating

Answer 8

through skull-gunshot wound, blast injury (veterans after IED wounds-waves caused damage to brain)

Question 9

Non-penetrating

Answer 9

not through skull

1) non-acceleration: head fixed-sustain injury, no movement in space
2) acceleration: force moving in body and body moving, force moves brain tissue (car accident)
a) transitional acceleration- force travels in head center of gravity, pushing head in 1 direction- brain being seperated from meninges and skull, leads to subarachnoid laceration, can move inside cranial vault (car accident)
b) rotational acceleration: ejected, not strapped in, force travels through head other than center, brain shifts and rotates, whip-lash

Question 10

Primary mechanism of injury

Answer 10

injuries that occur @ actual time of traumatic event and relate to instantaneous effects of contact and acceleration and deceleration forces on the skull and brain. include contusions, lacerations, skull fractures, diffuse axonal injury

Question 11

Secondary mechanism of injury

Answer 11

response of body, what happens next, secondary mechanisms of brain injury

Question 12

contusion

Answer 12

brain tissue damage by scraping against bony pertuberances in the inner surface of the cranial vault.

Question 13

laceration

Answer 13

cut on outside of scalp or inside of brain tissue

Question 14

diffuse axonal injury

Answer 14

microscopic, widely spread throughout brain tissue, not seen on CAT scans

Question 15

open head trauma

Answer 15

1) coup- pt of initial contact

2) contrecoup- back of head or opposite of contact, secondary point of contact

Question 16

symptoms of skull fracture

Answer 16

bulging of eyes, cerebral spinal fluid/blood coming from ears or nose

Question 17

ischemic

Answer 17

decrease in blood supply due to the disruption of the circulatory system (heart stops, decrease blood to chest, etc)