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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psychological disorder?

A

It is defined as psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

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2
Q

What does psychological dysfunction mean?

A

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

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3
Q

What does personal distress or impairment mean?

A

A difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles; impairment is set in the context of a person’s background.

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4
Q

What is meant by atypical or not culturally expected?

A

If a person’s reaction is outside cultural norms.

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5
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

The scientific study of psychological disorders.

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6
Q

What professionals can be found within the field of psychopathology?

A

Clinical and counselling psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, psychiatric nurses, marriage and family therapists, sex therapists, and mental health counsellors.

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7
Q

What is a scientist-practitioner?

A

These are mental health professionals that take a scientific approach to clinical work.

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8
Q

In order to be a scientist-practitioner, they must function in at least one of what three ways?

A

1) They use an evidence based practice approach 2) They use a practice based evidence approach 3) They conduct research.

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9
Q

What does the evidence based practice approach involve?

A

They keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therefore use the best empirically supported diagnostic and treatment procedures.

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10
Q

What does the practice based evidence approach involve?

A

The practitioner will evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work and to generate new knowledge.

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11
Q

What three basic focuses typically make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders?

A

1) Clinical description 2) Causation 3) Treatment and outcome.

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12
Q

What three steps are involved in determining a clinical description of a disorder?

A

1) Describing the presenting problem (original complaint) 2) Comparing the prevalence (# of people in pop. w/ disorder) with the incidence (new cases per year) of the suspected disorder 3) Considering onset and course (pattern of development) of the disorder.

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13
Q

What is a presenting problem?

A

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist.

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of a disorder?

A

How many people in population have that disorder right now.

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15
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of a disorder?

A

How many people in the population have had it over all time.

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16
Q

What is the incidence of a disorder?

A

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period.

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17
Q

What is the course of a disorder?

A

Pattern of development of a disorder over time.

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18
Q

What is a chronic course?

A

Describes a disorder that will last a long time.

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19
Q

What is an episodic course?

A

Think bipolar. The course of a disorder that is likely to last only a few months, disappear and reappear later.

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20
Q

What is a time limited course?

A

Describes a disorder that will improve quite fast.

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21
Q

What does it mean for a disorder to have an acute onset?

A

The disorder begins suddenly.

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22
Q

What does it mean for a disorder to have an insidious onset?

A

Development of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period.

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23
Q

What is the prognosis?

A

The anticipated course of a disorder.

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24
Q

What is etiology?

A

The study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

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25
What does treatment imply about the nature of the disorder?
Treatment can provide interesting hints about the nature of the disorder but keep in mind that it does not imply a cause and effect relationship.
26
What three models of psychopathology are there?
1) The supernatural model 2) The biological model 3) The psychosocial model.
27
What is the Supernatural Tradition?
The belief that deviant behaviour has often been considered a reflection of the battle between good and evil.
28
What was a common treatment for victims of evil spirits in the 14th century?
Exorcism.
29
What was a common opinion surrounding the cause of insanity in times of the supernatural tradition?
That it was a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress and it was curable.
30
What were some treatments for insanity proposed during these times?
Treatment: rest, sleep, healthy environment, potions, ointments, baths.
31
What was believed about the moon and psychological functioning during the supernatural tradition era?
That the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people's psychological functioning.
32
What did Hippocrates believe about the treatment of psychological disorders?
That psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.
33
What did Hippocrates and Galen assume about normal brain functioning?
Normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids/humours: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
34
If there was an imbalance in these humours, what would it lead to?
Disease.
35
How would an excess of one or more humours be treated?
By regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold, depending on which humor was thought to be out of balance.
36
What disease was diagnosed for those who exhibited symptoms similar to psychosis due to syphilis?
General paresis.
37
Why was it important that Syphilis was discovered to be caused by a specific bacterium?
Because it allowed for an understanding that the symptoms of madness associated with the disease are something curable as it is due to an infection.
38
Who was John P Grey?
Brought the biological tradition to North America and believed insanity always has physical causes.
39
What new biological treatments were introduced in the 1930s?
Insulin shock therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and pharmacotherapy.
40
What year were the first effective drugs for those suffering from psychosis developed?
1950s.
41
Who was Emil Kraeplin?
One of the founders of modern psychiatry, extremely influential in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition.
42
What were Plato's thoughts surrounding maladaptive behaviour?
Maladaptive behaviour was caused by social and cultural influences, and their learning in their environment.
43
What did the concept of moral therapy involve?
Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced social interaction.
44
What was the mental hygiene movement?
Movement started by Dorothea Dix to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases.
45
Who was Clarence Hincks?
An important mental health reformer and crusader who followed Dix's example.
46
What two approaches brought the psychological tradition back in the 20th century?
1) Psychoanalysis 2) Behaviourism.
47
What did Anton Mesmer believe and practice?
He suggested that their problem was due to an undetectable fluid called 'animal magnetism' that could become blocked.
48
What is catharsis?
The idea that recalling and reliving emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and releasing the accompanying tension is therapeutic.
49
What was Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
A theory that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
50
What are the 3 major facets of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
1) The structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another; 2) the defence mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes or conflicts; 3) the stages of early psychosexual development that provide grist for the mill of our inner conflicts.
51
According to Freud, what are the three major parts of the mind and their functions?
1) Id 'Animal' driven by the pleasure principle; 2) Ego 'Manager' that acts realistically based on the reality principle; 3) Superego based on moral principles.
52
What is the cause of psychological disorders in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
If the ego does not mediate correctly or the id or the superego becomes too strong, conflict overtakes us and psychological disorders develop.
53
What are intrapsychic conflicts?
The struggles among the id, ego, and superego.
54
What are some common defence mechanisms?
Denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation.
55
What unconscious protective process is alerted when conflicts between the id, ego, and superego produce anxiety?
Defence mechanisms.
56
What are some common defence mechanisms when the ego loses the battle with the id and superego?
Denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation.
57
What were Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Oral stage (0-2 yrs), anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage.
58
What did Freud believe would happen if one of the stages of development did not receive appropriate gratification?
The person would experience fixation, and their personality would reflect the stage throughout their adult life.
59
What did Freud term psychological disorders as?
Neurotic disorders, disorders of the nervous system.
60
What field of study did Anna Freud focus on?
Ego psychology or self psychology.
61
What was the focus of ego psychology?
How our ego defines our behaviour; disordered behaviour develops when the ego cannot regulate impulses and defences.
62
Who were Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, and what did they believe about Freud's ideas?
They were students of Freud who rejected his ideas and believed that the basic quality of human nature is positive and that people have a strong drive toward self-actualization.
63
What did Erik Erikson develop?
A theory of development across the lifespan, describing crises and conflicts that accompany eight specific psychosocial stages.
64
What is the goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, or psychoanalysis?
To reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts.
65
What are some characteristics of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Unearth hidden intrapsychic conflicts, long-term therapy, techniques include free association and dream analysis, examine transference and countertransference issues.
66
What did Freud's technique of free association involve?
Patients being instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially mandated censoring.
67
What is the concept of transference in psychoanalysis?
The patient's transfer to their therapist emotions linked with other relationships.
68
What is countertransference?
Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client due to perceived similarity to significant people in their life.
69
What does the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists (2017) say about client-therapist relations?
Therapists should be acutely aware of the power relationship in therapy and not engage in sexual intimacy with clients.
70
What field of psychology did Jung and Adler's idea of striving for superior levels of development lead to?
Humanistic psychology.
71
What is the concept of self-actualizing?
The idea that all of us can reach our highest potential.
72
What did Maslow develop to help explain the structure of personality?
A hierarchy of needs.
73
What was the general idea of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A structure that begins with basic needs and ends with self-actualization; we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we satisfy lower-level needs.
74
What did Carl Rogers develop in person-centered therapy?
Person-centered therapy that used unconditional positive regard for clients.
75
What was the goal of Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy?
That clients will be more straightforward and honest with themselves and access their innate tendencies toward growth.
76
What type of research did Carl Rogers focus on?
Research on the psychotherapy process, understanding how psychotherapy works.
77
What form of therapy did Fritz Perls develop?
Gestalt therapy with humanistic elements, focused on helping clients reach their potential.
78
Today, person-centered therapy is most popular in what population?
Those without psychological disorders.
79
What does the behavioral model of psychology look at?
Explanation of human behaviour, including dysfunction, derived from experimental psychology.
80
What was Pavlov's addition to the behavioral model?
His experiments and ideas of classical conditioning.
81
What is stimulus generalization?
The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after conditioning.
82
Match these classical conditioning terms: 1) US, 2) UR, 3) CS, 4) CR.
1) Chemo (US), 2) Nausea (UR), 3) Nurse (CS), 4) Nausea (CR).
83
What is extinction in Pavlov's classical conditioning?
The classical conditioning response decreases when the reinforcement is removed.
84
What was Watson's and Mary Cover Jones' addition to classical conditioning?
The idea that if fear is learned, then fear can be unlearned.
85
What did John B. Watson begin?
Behaviourism, exemplified by the White rabbit experiment.
86
What did systematic desensitization mark the beginning of?
Behaviour therapy.
87
What was B.F. Skinner's idea of operant conditioning?
Most voluntary behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow behaviour.
88
What is systematic desensitization?
Individuals are gradually introduced to the objects or situations they fear to extinguish their fear.
89
Why did Skinner prefer the term reinforcement rather than reward?
Because it connotes the effect on behaviour; positive reinforcement involves delivering a desired consequence.
90
What was Skinner's process of shaping?
The development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response.
91
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
That behaviour is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences.
92
What does the integrative approach to psychological disorders encompass?
Psychopathology/disorders are multiply determined; no one influence occurs in isolation.
93
What is the model of psychopathology in the 21st century?
Multidimensional and integrative.
94
What fields of modern psychopathology have led to more information about the brain?
Cognitive science, neuroscience, behavioural and molecular genetics.
95
Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behaviour.
1) B (moral therapy), 2) C (psychoanalytic theory), 3) D (humanistic theory), 4) A (behavioural model).
96
What traditions or ways of thinking about causes of psychological disorders have been reviewed?
The supernatural, the biological, and the psychological (subdivided into psychoanalytic and behavioural).

Psyc 260 (11 decks)

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