Chapter 1

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

A pure chemical substance containing only one type of atom

Question 2

Circular Economy

Answer 2

An economy in which waste and pollution is eliminated, products at the end of life are reused, repaired or recycled, and the environment is not harmed

Question 3

Core charge

Answer 3

the attraction of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons, considering electron shielding (protons - inner shell electrons)

Question 4

Critical elements

Answer 4

Elements considered vital to the world’s economy but are in short supply

Question 5

Electronegativity

Answer 5

the electron-attracting power of an atom which increases across a period and decreases down a group

Question 6

Electronegativity decreasing

Answer 6

Electronegativity decreases down a group because the outer electrons are further away from the nucleus and the shielding effect of the inner electrons decreases the electron-attracting power of the atom.

Question 7

Excited state

Answer 7

When an electron moves to a higher energy level than its ground state by absorbing energy.

Question 8

First ionisation energy

Answer 8

The energy required to remove one valence electron from a gaseous atom. Increases across a period and decreases down a group

Question 9

First ionisation energy increasing

Answer 9

Increases across a period as there is a greater attraction of the nucleus for the electron (holding it more tightly)

Question 10

First ionisation energy decreasing

Answer 10

Decreases down a group since the size of the atom is increasing so the outermost electrons are further from the nucleus therefore it doesn’t hold these electrons as tightly / strongly, making them more easily removed

Question 11

Green chemistry

Answer 11

The design of chemical products and processes that decrease or eliminate the use or creation of hazardous wastes and the impact on the environment

Question 12

Ground state

Answer 12

The electrons are occupying the lowest possible energy levels

Question 13

Linear economy

Answer 13

Refers to raw materials that are made into products and then discarded as waste.

Question 14

Metal

Answer 14

ductile, malleable, conducting element, lose electrons (cation)

Question 15

Non-metal

Answer 15

non-ductile, non-malleable, non-conducting element, gain electrons (anion)

Question 16

Atomic Radius

Answer 16

Increases down a group as the number of occupied electron shells increase meaning there is a greater distance between the nucleus and outer electrons. Decreases across a period