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EKG Certification > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers of the heart (singular, atrium)

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2
Q

Atrial kick

A

Blood pushed into the ventricles because of atrial contraction

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3
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood

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4
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the left ventricle. Defined as the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate

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5
Q

What influences heart size?

A

Age, body weight and build, physical exercise frequency, heart disease

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6
Q

Location of heart?

A

Lies in the space between the lungs ( mediastinum I in the chest). About 2/3 of the heart lies to the left of the midline of the sternum

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7
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart?

A

Anterior, inferior, posterior, base, apex

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8
Q

Anterior

A
  1. Lies behind sternum and costal cartilages
  2. Right ventricle lies most directly behind sternum
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9
Q

Inferior

A

l. Aka diaphragmatic surface
2. Formed by the left ventricle

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10
Q

Base

A
  1. upper portion of the heart
  2. Left atrium
  3. Small portion of the right atrium
  4. Proximal portions of the superior and interior venacava and the pulmonary reins
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11
Q

Apex

A
  1. Lower portion of the heart
  2. Formed by the tip of the left ventricle
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12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  1. Pericardium ( parietal pericardium - outer/ visceral pericardial )
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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13
Q

Pericardium

A
  1. Parietal pericardium - tough outer layer
  2. Serous pericardium
  3. Pericardial space contains serous fluid

Organ has to be hollow to pump blood. Layers of heart importance holding heart in position and wall for protection of infection

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14
Q

Endocardium

A
  1. Innermost layer
  2. Lines the hearts inner chambers
  3. Continuous with innermost layers of vessels

Direct contact with flood. Connected with arteries.

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15
Q

Myocardium

A

I. Thickest
2. The one that contracts
3. Responsible for pumping action

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16
Q

Epicardium

A
  1. outermost layer of heart
  2. Contains blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and fat
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17
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  1. Aka Myocite
  2. Heart halls formed by cardiac muscle fibers
    - myofibrils
    -myosin
    - actin
    - intercalated disks
    - gap junctions

Those filaments create the contraction and relaxation
Myosin and actin do the most

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18
Q

Heart chambers

A
  1. 4 chambers
  2. Right and left atria
  3. Right and left ventricles
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19
Q

Which chambers are bigger?

A
  1. Atria - smaller
  2. Ventricles - bigger

Left ventricle is the biggest chamber. Needs space to hold blood to pump to the rest of the body.

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20
Q

Function of the heart skeleton?

A

l. Provides secure attachments for heart values
2. Provides for the attachment of the myocardium
3. Helps form the partitions (septa) that separate Tre atria from the ventricles.
4. Part in the middle is septum separates left and right side ( oxygen from CO2)

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21
Q

How many heart valves? What are their functions?

A
  1. 4 heart values. 2 sets of atrioventricular valves (AV) and 2 sets of semilunar valves (sl)
  2. Ensure blood flow in one direction through heart chambers prevent back flow.
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22
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

l. AV separate atria from ventricles
2. Tricuspid valve - lies between right atrium and right ventricle.
3. Valves only allow blood to go one way (one direction)

Mitral value has only 2 cusps. Lies between left and right ventricle

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23
Q

Semilunar value

A

I. Prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles.

Pulmonic Valve - right
Aortic valve - left

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24
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (Acs)

A

Temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery. Excessive demand or inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle associated with plaque disruption, thrombus formation, and vast constriction.
3 major syndromes: unstable angina, non-st-elevation myocardial infraction, and ST- elevation myocardial infraction

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25
Q

What does each atrium (left/right) receive and from where?

A
  1. Right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the superior vena cava (carries blood from head & upper extremities ) the interior vena cava which carries blood from the lower body), the coronary sinus (CO2)
    2.left atrium receives blood freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins..
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26
Q

Purpose of ventricles

A

Pump blood

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27
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood through the blood vessels of the lungs and then into the left atrium.

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28
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood out to the body. Biggest chamber

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29
Q

What are the four heart values?

A

Atrioventricular valves (2) and semilunar values (2)

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30
Q

What separates atria from ventricles?

A

AV valves

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31
Q

Name of AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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32
Q

What valve lies between left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

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33
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles contracting, causing the pressure within the ventricles to rise sharply

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34
Q

What valves form Tre semilunar values?

A

Pulmonic and aortic valves

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35
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valve names?

A

Tricuspid and mitral

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36
Q

What is the name of the 2 semifinal valves?

A

Pulmonic and aortic valve

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37
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricle is relaxed

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38
Q

Three major coronary arteries

A

Lad, cx, RCA

39
Q

RCA

A

A branch of the RCA supplies: right atrium/ventricle, inferior surface of left ventricle, posterior surface of left ventricle, senatorial node I AV bundle.

40
Q

LCA

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to primary branches- left anterior descending (lad) and circumflex (cx)

41
Q

Lad

A

Lies on the outer surface on front of heart

Occlusion of the proximal lad coronary artery has been referred as the “widow” maker because of its association with sudden cardiac arrest when its blocked

42
Q

Cx

A

Circumflex - circles around the left side of heart in a groove on the back of the heart that separates The left atrium from the left ventricle called coronary sulcus

43
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of oxygen to tissue - not dead yet

44
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of the heart muscle

45
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Building fat along vessel leads to blood clot

46
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of vessel walls are caused by build-up of fat like deposits
Build-ups result in decreased blood flow (ischemia)

47
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A

Fight response. Cannot control heart rate

48
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Nerve tissue found in internal carotid arteries/ arch

Detect changes in blood pressure

49
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Are in internal carotid arteries and aortic arch detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

50
Q

Chronotropic effect

A

Change in heart rate
Positive chronotropic effect refers to increase in heart rate
Negative chronotropic effect refers to a decrease in heart rate

51
Q

Inotropic Effect

A

Change in myocardial contractility
Positive inotropic effect results in an increase in myocardial contractility
Negative inotropic effect result in a decrease in myocardial
Contractility

52
Q

Dromotopic effect

A

Refers to speed of impulse transmission through the conduction system
Positive DE results in increase in conduction velocity
Negative DE results in decrease in conduction velocity

53
Q

What separates the right from left of the heart?

A

Septum

54
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

55
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

56
Q

Where is the blood from the upper extremities emptied?

A

Superior vena cava

57
Q

Where is the blood from the lower body returned?

A

Inferior vena cava

58
Q

When does blood from superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus enter the right atrium?

A

Atrial diastole

59
Q

What ventricle connects right atrium to right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

60
Q

Where does the left atrium get oxygenated blood from?

A

Four pulmonary veins (2 from left lung,2 from right lung)

61
Q

What valve opens to drain oxygenated blood from left atrium to left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

62
Q

Ventricular systole / diastole

A

Systole- blood is propelled through the systemic and pulmonary circulation
Diastole - ventricles begin to passively fill with blood

63
Q

How does the blood circulate through heart/body?co2

A
  1. Right atrium drains co2 blood from superior and inferior vena cava
  2. co2 blood passes through tricuspid value into right ventricle
    3.blood goes to pulmonic valve to pulmonary trunk
  3. Which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
  4. Pulmonary veirs pump blood to left atrium
  5. Goes through mitral valve into left ventricle
  6. Lv to aortic valve to aorta ( oxygenated blood goes through all the tissues )
  7. Tissues produce co2 which then drains back to vena cava
64
Q

What veins are the exception to carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins

65
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the left ventricle called?

A

Cardiac output (CO)

66
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heart beat, multiplied by the hr

67
Q

What is the percentage of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each contraction called?

A

Ejection fraction

68
Q

Stroke volume

A

Determined by:
1. The degree of ventricular filling when the heart is relaxed (preload)
2. The pressure against which the ventricle must pump (afterload)
3. The myocardium’s contractile state (contracting or relaxing)

69
Q

Preload

A

Force exerted by the walls of the ventricles at the end of diastole

Volume of blood returning to the heart (venous return) influences preload

70
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood

Influenced by:
Arterial blood pressure
Ability of the arteries to become stretched - arterial distensibility
Arterial resistance

71
Q

Which of the following influence a person’s heart size?
A. Age
B. Body weight
C. Heart Disease
D. Physical exercise frequency?

A

A,B,C,D

72
Q

Select the areas of the heart that make up its anterior surface:
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right Ventricle

A

B, C, D

73
Q

The inferior surface of the heart is formed mainly by the:
A. Right and left atria
B. Right and left ventricles
C. Left atrium and left ventricle
D. Right atrium and right ventricle

A

B

74
Q

The pericardium:
A. Is a thick, single-layer of tissue
B. Protects the heart from trauma and infection
C. Uses ligaments to anchor the heart to the sternum and diaphragm
D. Contains about 20mL of serous fluid that prevents friction as the heart beats

A

B, C, D

75
Q

The right atrium:
A. Pumps blood to the lungs
B. Pumps blood to the systemic circulation
C. Receives blood from right and left pulmonary veins
D. Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena Cavan and the coronary sinus

A

D

76
Q

When a ventricle relaxes in the normal heart, blood is prevented from flowing back into by:
A. Mitral valve
B. A semilunar valve
C. The tricuspid valve
D. An antrioventricular valve

A

B

77
Q

Which of the following separate the atria from the ventricle?
A. Aortic valve
B. Mitral valve
C. Pulmonic valve
D. Tricuspid valve

A

B, D

78
Q

Select the correct statements about the hearts coronary arteries:
A. The circumflex (Cx) artery is a branch of the left coronary artery
B. The main coronary arteries lie on the pericardial surface of the heart
C. The septal and diagonal arteries are major branches of the right coronary artery (RCA)
D. The right coronary artery supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node and antrioventricular (AV) bundle in most of the population
E. Occlusion of the Cx artery has been referred to as the “widow maker” because its association with sudden cardiac arrest when it is blocked

A

A, B, D

79
Q

Which of the following factors determine cardiac output?
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Preload
D. Afterload
E. Heart rate
F. Myocardial contractility

A

C, D, E, F

80
Q

____________ term refers to a change in myocardial contractility

A

Inotropy

81
Q

Their closure at the end of systole prevents backward flow of blood into the ventricles _________

A

Semilunal Valves

82
Q

Double-walled sac containing a small amount of serous fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats _______

A

Pericardium

83
Q

The percentage of blood that is pumped out of a ventricle with each contraction _________

A

Ejection Fraction

84
Q

This vessel supplies the SA node and AV node in most of the population_______

A

Right coronary artery

85
Q

Sensory receptors that detect changes in blood pressure________

A

Baroreceptors

86
Q

Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate _________

A

Cardiac output

87
Q

Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation_______

A

Left ventricle

88
Q

The anterior descending and circumflex are branches of this vessel_______

A

Left coronary artery

89
Q

Detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the blood____

A

Chemoreceptors

90
Q

Their closure causes the first heart sound (S1)_________

A

Antrioventricular valves

91
Q

Pumps blood low in oxygen to the pulmonary circulation ________

A

Right Ventricle

92
Q

The force exerted by the circulating blood volume on the walls of the arteries _________

A

Blood pressure

93
Q

Phase of the cardiac cycle during which the greatest flow of blood enters the heart’s chamber _________

A

Diastole

94
Q

Term that refers to a change in rate _________

A

Chronotropy

EKG Certification (9 decks)

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