Chapter 1 Flashcards
Revelation meaning
The communication of idea, command and command from Allah SWT to a chosen human being, conveyed either directly or through angels.
Purpose of Revelation
- Proof of existence of Allah SWT
- Divine Law as the way of life
- Confirmation of truth of the previous messenger.
Scriptures of Revelation
Quran - Muhammad
Torah- Moses
Bible- Jesus
Psalms- David
Suhuf- AME
Stages of Revelation
- Lauh Al-Mahfuz
- Bait Al-Izzah
- Prophet Muhammad SAW
Definition of Al-Quran
-Miraculous word of Allah SWT that has been revealed to Prophet Muhammad SAW
-through the mediation of Jibril AS, in arabic and narrated throught mutawatir.
-Reciting each words is an act worship
Process of Quran Revelation
-A dream of Prophet Muhammad SAW/ narrated by Saidina Aisyah ra.
-Speak directly to Allah SWT/ during isra’ and mi’raj
-Revelation through jibril
-it is warned by the sound of bell and jibril come with the human experience.
Contribution of Saidina Abu Bakar As Siddiq
-the war of yamamah (fighting the apostates and those who dont want to pay zakat) in 12 hijra
-saidina umar al khattab suggested the compilation of quran with writing in an orderly manner
-appointed zaid bin thabit as the leader
-Amirul Mukminin has kept all the verses of Quran in a special places before his demise.
Contribution of Saidina Uthman bin Affan
-islam has spread widely throughout the place/ baghdad & persia (east) / egypt (west) / armenia (north) / increased muslim among non arab
-there are conflict among muslim about the correct method to recite al Quran
-resolve the problem by making an adjustment in the writing of the Quran/ appointed zaid bin thabit
-finally the khalidah introduce a single method of writing (Rasm al Uthmani) and teach it to all muslim
What happen in Rasulullan Time?
-The Prophet Muhammad saw & the companions did not write the Quran. Mostly memorized
-Appointed just a several companions Saidina Ali bin Abi Thalib, Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Mas’ud, Ubai bin Ka’ab, Mu’adz bin Jabal to write the Quran on dates fronds, stones, skins or animal bones.
Hadith Definition
Everything that is attributed to Prophet Muhammad SAW in terms of deeds, words, taqrir or attributes whether physical or moral and history either before and after becoming a prophet
Important of Hadith
-Allah urges us to follow hadith
-As a guidance and clue
-Prophet Muhammad SAW is the recipient of the revelation. It is best to follow him.
-source of islamic law
-explaining moral principles
Requirement of Hadith
Sanad - related to narrators who have certified the text of hadith
Matan - refer to the actual wording or text of the hadith
Acceptable Hadith Condition
-Continuity of the chain of the narrators
-Strong memory of the narrators
-Integrity of the narrators
-Conformity on the Sanad and Matan of hadith.
-No defect on Sanad and Matan of hadith.
Meaning of Hadith Mutawatir
Hadith narrated by a very large number of narrators at each stage (generation) of the narrator and it is
impossible for lies and errors to occur.
Example of hadith mutawatir
About a raising hands when reciting prayers; this
hadith was narrated by more than 100 Companions with various utterances.
Conditiona of hadith mutawatir
-At least five different narrators from each generation
-It must have been impossible for the narrators to lie.
-The narrators are from a similar people.
-The narration of hadith must rely on the intellect and a sensory perception not just the imagination on something that has happened.
Meaning of hadith ahad
Hadith narrated by only one or a few narrators at each stage (generation) of the narrator and does not reach the level of mutawatir.
Hadith Ahad Based on the number of narrators
- Hadith al Masyhur
- Hadith al Aziz
- Hadith al Gharib
Hadith ahad based on the ability of the narrators
-Hadith Maqbul (sahih/hasan)
-Hadith Mardud(dhaif/ mawdu)
Hadith ahad based on the ability of the narrators
-Hadith Maqbul (sahih/hasan)
-Hadith Mardud(dhaif/ mawdu)
Hadith based on value of hadith source
-Qudsi
-Marfu’
-Mawquf
Usul al Fiqh
method applied by a mujtahid to infer a practical Islamic law obtained from detailed arguments and resources.
Who is mujtahid?
A mujtahid is an individual who is qualified to exercise ijtihad in the evaluation of Islamic law
Minimum qualification for mujtahid
1.Expert in the Arabic language, literature and philology
2. High caliber scholar of the Qur’an
3. Expert in hadith of the Prophet
4. Expert in both the science of historical criticism (riwayat) and logical criticism (dirayat)
5. Be pious to god and have a true Islamic character.
Meaning ijtihad
An expending efforts to arrive at a sharia ruling. The mujtahid or the jurists is the one who expends efforts for this purpose.
Meaning of taqlid
A doctrine referring to the acceptance of a religious ruling in matters of worship and personal
affairs from someone regarded as a higher religious authority without necessarily asking for
the technical proof.
Important of understanding ijtihad and taqlid
-Setting the boundaries in practicing religion will
let to have a life balance
-nurture mutual respect among people in
society.
-Teach about humility towards himself.
8 Instrument of Ijtihad
Ijma’
Qiyas
Istihsan
Masalih Mursalah
Istishab
Urf
Sadd al-Zarai
Qawlu al-Sahabi
Ijma’ meaning
agreement of the mujtahidin (jurists) from among
community of Prophet Muhammad after his death in a certain period of time upon a
rule of Islamic law.
Ijma’ example
- Appointment of four caliphates
- Compilation of al-Quran by Abu Bakar al-Siddiq
Qiyas
the application of a case that has no law in the text to a case that has a law in the text because there are similarities in both cases in terms of a reason (illah).
Qiyas example
qiyas is applied to an order against drinking of wine
or alcohol to make an order against the use of the drug cocaine.
Istihsan meaning
literally means to deem or consider something good. Technically, it means the decision on another legal (Islamic law) that is considered better
based on the Qur’an, Sunnah or ijma’
Istihsan example
- Bai’ al-Salam (purchase with deferred delivery)
- Bai’ al-Istisna’ (sale on order)
Masalih Mursalah meaning
literally means to bring benefits and avoid dangers. Technically, it means the benefits ordained by God for mankind in the preservation and protection of their religion, life, intellect, lineage and property.
Masalih Mursalah example
rules of worship during the covid19 such as the prohibition of prayers in the mosque to prevent any spread and infection of the disease
Istishab meaning
preservation of the status quo of a law until there is evidence for
any changes.
Istishab example
A human is free from any liability, rights and obligations until proven otherwise like when they become a husband and wife, leade
‘Urf
a social tradition practice of a society. means a continuous practice by a group of people that fits with it rationality and it is accepted as something that is considered good
Type of ‘urf
1.Urf al-Sahih (comply with Sharia) - husband
2. Urf al-Fasid (not comply with Sharia) - Riba’
Sadd Al-Zarai’
-prevention of anything which is leading to harmful
-Technically it also means restricting permissible acts that lead to sins and evil.
Example of Sadd Al-Zarai’
- Not selling of grapes to wine maker
- Not renting out a premise for the purpose of gambling or prostitution.
- The law of entering nightclubs for Muslim
Qawlu al-Sohabi meaning
Because of the high ability to understand the Qur’an, Sunnah and Ijma’, many companions
reached the level of mujtahid. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, these companions interpreted the law,performed ijtihad, issued legal opinions (fatwas), especially in resolving disputes among the
community.
Examples Qawlu al Sohabi
Maliki mazhab says that it is not obligatory during congregational prayers (Maghrib, Isya‘
and Subuh) to recite al-Fatihah because it is not done by the companions in Madina
Conclusion
1.Islam is a religion revealed by Allah swt through the
revelation of Prophet Muhammad saw.
2.Main references in Islam are the Quran, Hadith and
Ijtihad.
3.Muslims are obligated to believe the Quran and
Hadith with understanding its contents.
4.Ijtihad is a method of determining the law after the demise of Prophet Muhammad saw through Ijma’,Qiyas and others.
