CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
1
Q
-In PERSIAN LITERATURE, it is discovered during a fight of hero with a dragon.
A
FIRE
2
Q
is discovered through spark
A
FIRE
2
Q
- A stone that the hero used as weapon missed the monster and struck a rock. Lights show forth and human beings saw fire for the first time.
A
FIRE
3
Q
-has played a central role in religion.
A
FIRE
4
Q
____ that the hero used as weapon missed the monster and struck this. Lights show forth and human beings saw fire for the first time.
A
STONE
5
Q
-It has been used as GOD (for example the INDO – believe on “Iranian Agni”) and recognized as a symbol of home and family (the heart fire) in many cultures.
A
FIRE
6
Q
– believe on “Iranian Agni”
A
INDO
6
Q
in Rome was an outstanding example of the importance of fire to the Romans.
A
TEMPLE OF VESTA
7
Q
- Roman goddess of the earth
A
VESTA
8
Q
is a titan and was bestowed with godlike powers when he stole the god’s fire to give it to humanity.
A
PROMETHEUS
9
Q
It has been a symbol of purification, immortality, and renewal; hence, the lighting of flames of remembrance and the myths of the
A
PHOENIX
10
Q
It has been a symbol of _____,_____,____; hence, the lighting of flames of remembrance and the myths of the PHOENIX
A
purification, immortality, and renewal
11
Q
(people who lived by hunting and gathering wild food)
A
Hunter gatherers
12
Q
Source of light by taking advantage of the glow of wood-burning fires to continue their activities after dark and inside their dwelling.
A
FIRE
12
Q
made use of fire so that they can remain active after the sun set protect themselves from predators, warm themselves, cook and make better tools.
A
Hunter gatherers
13
Q
People learned to control this by blowing at it through reed pipes. Then they used this technique to burn hollows in logs to create cradles, bowls, and canoes.
A
FIRE
13
Q
Enabled people to make better weapons and tools.
A
FIRE
14
Q
EARLY MEANS OF PRODUCING FIRE
A
- TWO STICKS
- HAND DRILL
- STRIKING FLINT
- MAGNIFYING GLASS
15
Q
– another ancient method of starting fires to produce sparks.
–mineral stones lang ang pwedeng gamitin dito
A
STRIKING FLINT
16
Q
-The rubbing creates friction between the sticks, and the friction generates heat.
-This heat eventually causes the wood to ignite.
A
TWO STICKS
16
Q
– one of the oldest methods of starting fires consists of rubbing two sticks together.
A
TWO STICKS
16
Q
is a more efficient method of rubbing two pieces of wood together.
A
HAND DRILL
17
Q
-Rapidly spinning a stick of wood against another piece of wood can generate enough friction and heat to cause the wood to ignite.
A
HAND DRILL
18
Q
-focuses the sunlight on tinder, and the energy of the sunlight heats the tinder until it ignites.
–concave lens ang pwedeng gamitin dito
A
MAGNIFYING GLASS
19
increases the temperature of a combustible material from kindling to ignition temperature.
FRICTION METHOD
20
TWO METHODS OF PRODUCING FIRE
1. FRICTION METHOD
2. PERCUSSION METHOD
21
– This method generates a spark to set kindling a fire (generates sparks)
PERCUSSION METHOD
22
Fire may also be generated by using a _______ to focus and converge the rays of the sun on combustible material.
LENS OR CURVED REFLECTOR
23
MODERN USES OF FIRE
1. Used in appliances that relies on fire to operate.
2. Used to supplement main heating system in their homes.
3. Used over campfires.
4. Used in incinerators to destroy garbage.
5. Used to manufacture products and dispose of waste.
6. Fire also heat large boilers to generate steam which then powers large turbines.
7. Used in power plants to generate electricity.
8. Used as a weapon in times of war.
24
-It is the manifestation of rapid chemical reaction occurring between a combustible matter and an oxidizer.
FIRE
24
-It refers to the study of the organization and function of fire prevention and suppression techniques; fire behavior, combustible materials, extinguishing agents, hazardous and toxic material; fire protection techniques and systems; and fire command and fire management (supervision).
FIRE TECHNOLOGY
25
-It is a result of rapid chemical reaction between a fuel, heat, and oxygen on oxidizer
FIRE
26
-Defined as the heat and light that comes from burning substances, produced by the combustion of substances.
FIRE
27
BURNING is also called
COMBUSTION.
28
– the combustion of a fuel.
burning process
28
is the common term of the burning process – the combustion of a fuel.
FIRE
29
- is a chemical reaction or process involving combustible materials and an oxidizing agent producing heat or energy.
COMBUSTION
29
involves rapid oxidation.
COMBUSTION
29
- the released energy stays in the reaction to continue it.
COMBUSTION
30
- energy is dissipated as light and heat.
FIRE
31
- is the chemical reaction producing energy in the form of heat, light and flame.
FIRE
32
-It is a self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the release of heat and light.
FIRE
33
involves burning to get a substance to react with oxygen.
COMBUSTION
34
is when a substance reacts with oxygen.
OXIDATION
35
Rapid oxidation of material is chemically termed as
COMBUSTION
36
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
1. HEAT
2. FUEL
3. OXIDIZING AGENT/ OXYGEN
37
– a form of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy, as in combustion or burning (ignition temperature)
HEAT
38
Heat Sources:
OPEN FLAME
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
SPARKS
ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION
39
– combustible matter (organic material, hydrocarbons);
FUEL
40
-Any substance which reacts chemically with oxygen and flames.
FUEL
41
– the common oxidizing agent is
OXYGEN.
41
--a.k.a “REDUCING AGENT”
FUEL
42
--the material or substance being burned in the combustion process
FUEL
43
- a colorless, odorless gas and one of the compositions of air which is approximately 21% by volume.
OXYGEN
44
Oxygen Sources:
a. 21% of normal oxygen
b. 78% of nitrogen
c. 1% of other gases
45
Oxygen Requirements:
a. 12% - no fire
b. 14% - flashpoint
c. 21% - fire point
46
is supplied by air, ignition temperature can be provided by the ignition device (like flame), and any combustible material (usually organic matter) burns on being heated by the ignition device.
OXYGEN
46
A geometrical figure that diagrams the relationship of the three elements of fire.
FIRE TRIANGLE THEORY
47
- A four-sided representation of causes of fire.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON THEORY (FIRE QUADRANGLE THEORY)
47
When the temperature of a substance is very high, it releases highly combustible vapors known as
“FREE RADICALS”.
48
-When a fuel is heated, it gives off vapor which if mixed with the correct amount of air, can be ignited by heat sources
FIRE TETRAHEDRON THEORY
48
The fourth element that is added in the Fire Quadrangle Theory is the
CHEMICAL REACTION
49
-The most important part of the triangle
FUEL
50
is what burns.
FUEL
51
-It comes in three form as solid, liquid, or gas.
FUEL
52
FUEL SOURCES
1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas
53
– molecules are closely packed together
SOLID
54
– molecules are loosely packed; density (thinner, alcohol)
LIQUID
55
– molecules are free to move (nitrogen, LPG)
GAS
56
CLASSIFICATION OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
1. CLASS A FUELS
2. CLASS B FUELS
3. CLASS C FUELS
4. CLASS D FUELS
5. CLASS E FUELS
57
-Ordinary combustible materials that are usually made of organic substances such as wood and wood-based products.
-It includes some of those synthetic and/or inorganic materials like rubber, leather, and plastics.
CLASS A FUELS
58
-Materials which are in the form of flammable liquids such as alcohol, acidic substances oil and other chemicals such those liquid petroleum products.
Ex: Diesel, petroleum, kerosene, gasoline
CLASS B FUELS
59
-Normally fire-resistant materials
CLASS C FUELS
60
-Materials used in electric wiring and other electrical appliances.
CLASS C FUELS
61
-Combustible metallic substances such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium
CLASS D FUELS
62
Magnesium – Mg (color niya pag sinunog ay
WHITE
63
Zirconium COLOR?
BRIGHT RED
64
SODIUM COLOR
YELLOW
64
-Combustible gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.
CLASS E FUELS
64
WHAT ARE UNDER THE SOLID FUELS?
1.1 WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
1.2 FIBERS AND TEXTILES
1.3 LIQUID FUELS
1.4 GAS FUELS
65
POTASSIUM
VIOLET OR PURPLE
66
GENERAL CATEGORIES OF FUELS
SOLID FUELS
67
– include organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and metallic solid materials such as woods, fibers and plastics.
SOLID FUELS
68
- Factors affecting ignition and burning of woods.
WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
69
– are the second type of solid fuels.
FIBERS AND TEXTILES
69
Factors affecting ignition and burning of woods.
* PHYSICAL FORM
* MOISTURE CONTENT- WATER CONTENT
* HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
* RATE AND PERIOD OF HEATING
* RATE OF COMBUSTION
* IGNITION OF TEMPERATURE
WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
70
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
NATURAL FIBERS
SYNTHETIC OR ARTIFICIAL FIBERS
71
WHAT ARE UNDER THE NATURAL FIBERS
1. FROM PLANTS
2. FROM ANIMALS
3. FROM MINERALS
72
coconut fiber
Coir
72
- cellulose fibers
-Coir (coconut fiber) bunot
-pulp (wood fiber) kusot
FROM PLANTS
72
-Asbestos
FROM MINERALS
73
wood fiber
pulp
73
-wool, silk, leather
FROM ANIMALS
74
- fibrous mineral or rock material with fiber
ASBESTOS
75
is the rare type of cancer ng dahil sa asbestos
MESOTHELIOMA
76
- non-cellulose fibers (rayon)
ORGANIC FIBERS
76
WHAT ARE UNDER THE SYNTHETIC OR ARTIFICIAL FIBERS
1. ORGANIC FIBERS
2. INORGANIC FIBERS
77
--CARBON FIBER substance is
POLYCRYLONITRILE (90%), RAYON (10%)
78
is a chemical (powder) used in bombs.
CELLULOSE NITRATE
78
- fiberglass, steel
INORGANIC FIBERS
78
Formula OF PLASTIC
C12H16N4O18
CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN.
79
HYDROGEN %
46
79
– These are included as ordinary fuels under class A except those materials composed of or containing “cellulose nitrate”.
PLASTICS
80
NITROGEN %
48
81
TYPES OF CARBON:
CARBON SOLID AND CARBON GAS
81
primary composed of organic substances with high molecular weight.
PLASTICS
82
-It is the thermal decomposition of a solid fuel through the action of heat.
PYROLYSIS
82
solid in finished state.
PLASTICS
82
initially in a liquid form or gel-like state but they are molded or cast through the application of heat, pressure, or both (oxygen)
PLASTICS
82
- It refers to the chemical process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel.
PYROLYSIS
83
– The most common ______ are kerosene, gasoline, oil-based products, and other volatile products.
liquid fuels
84
-It is also called CRUDE OIL or HYDROCARBON (liquid),
PETROLEUM
84
PETROLEUM COLOR
BLACK
85
ranges from clear yellow-brown oils to thick, black tars.
PETROLEUM
86
is refined to produce such fuels as gasoline, diesel oil, and kerosene.
PETROLEUM
87
-It is used to provide energy for most motor vehicles and piston-engine airplanes.
GASOLINE
87
is burned as fuel in stoves and boilers without processing.
PETROLEUM
88
improve the octane
METHANOL
89
Flashpoint: -49F
GASOLINE
90
GIVE THEIR %
unleaded -
premium -
v-power -
blaze-
unleaded (87%),
premium (89%),
v-power (91%),
blaze (100%)
91
-Powers most trains, ships, and large trucks.
DIESEL OIL
91
--sulfur ang hinahalo dito
DIESEL OIL
92
Flashpoint: 125F- 180F (52C-82C)
DIESEL OIL
92
mas matagal masunog
DIESEL OIL
93
-Provides energy for jet planes (lamp)
KEROSENE
93
-These are light oils, which are used chiefly to heat homes and small buildings.
DISTILLATE OILS/DISTILLED
94
Flashpoint: 121F (49C)
DISTILLATE OILS/DISTILLED
94
Flashpoint: 100F (38C)
KEROSENE
95
-They provide energy to power utilities, factories, and large ships (power plant, boilers)
RESIDUAL OILS
95
-Heavy, thick oils.
RESIDUAL OILS
96
-They are also used to heat large buildings.
RESIDUAL OILS
97
--a.k.a “BUNKER FUEL”
RESIDUAL OILS
97
Flashpoint: 122F (50C)
RESIDUAL OILS
98
– it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8 °C.
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
98
CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID FUELS
A. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B. COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
98
– it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 37.8 °C
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
99
will not cause fire. It is the vapors they produce which burn or explode when exposed to air under the influence of heat.
flammable and combustible liquid
100
is the most widely used flammable liquid.
GASOLINE
101
-Such fuels flow easily through pipes and are used to provide energy for homes, businesses, and industries.
GAS FUELS
101
-It includes natural and manufactured gases.
GAS FUELS
101
molecules collide against one another and against the wall of the container and are relatively far from one another.
GAS FUEL
102
Matters that has no definite volume and no definite shape.
GAS FUEL
102
It is composed of very tiny particles (molecules) at constant random motion in a straight line.
GAS FUEL
103
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES
(BASED ON SOURCE)
1. NATURAL GAS
2. MANUFACTURED GAS
104
-It is usually mixed with compounds of the foul-smelling element sulfur so gas leaks can be detected.
NATURAL GAS
104
-Gas is used to heat buildings, cook food, and provide energy for industries.
NATURAL GAS
105
-It consists chiefly of methane, a colorless and odorless gas.
NATURAL GAS
106
-Butane and propane, which make up a small proportion of natural gas, become liquids when placed under large amounts of pressure.
NATURAL GAS
107
-When pressure is released, they change back into gas. Such fuels, often called LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG), are easily stored and Gas shipped as liquids.
NATURAL GAS
108
are easily stored and Gas shipped as liquids.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
109
which make up a small proportion of natural gas, become liquids when placed under large amounts of pressure.
-Butane and propane
110
ay ineemit ni Biomas dahil sa bacteria
METHANE
111
-- used as an additive to odorless gases like butane, propane, and petroleum to give them a warning odor
ETHANETHOIL/ ETHYL MERCAPTAN
112
-Coal, petroleum, and biomass can all be converted to gas through heating and by various chemical procedures.
MANUFACTURED GAS
112
-This gas like synthetic liquid fuels is used chiefly where certain fuels are abundant and others are scarce.
MANUFACTURED GAS
113
-Gas can be produced by treating such biomass as animal manure with bacteria called ANAEROBES.
MANUFACTURED GAS
113
-Gas can be produced by treating such biomass as animal manure with bacteria called
ANAEROBES.
114
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. COMPRESSED GAS
2. LIQUEFIED GAS
3. CRYOGENIC GAS
115
-The bacteria expel methane as they digest the waste.
ANAEROBES.
115
ANAEROBES expels
METHANE
115
- A gas which at all normal atmospheric temperature inside its container, exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
COMPRESSED GAS
116
- A gas in which, at normal atmospheric temperature inside its container, exist in the liquid state and partly in the gaseous state
LIQUEFIED GAS
117
- A liquified gas which exists in its container at temperature far below normal atmospheric temperature.
CRYOGENIC GAS
118
– these are used for treatment and respiratory therapy
MEDICAL GASES
118
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES BASED ON USAGE
1. FUEL GASES
2. INDUSTRIAL GASES
3. MEDICAL GASES
119
– these are customary used for burning with air to produce heat, which in turn is utilized as power, light and process.
FUEL GASES
120
– these are used for industrial processes as those used in welding and cutting.
INDUSTRIAL GASES
121
ay sa anesthesia ginagamit
CHLOROFORM and NITROUS DIOXIDE
121
When confined in a container:
1. ____ expands when heated.
gases
122
is destroyed due to contact with flames.
gas container
123
is developed inside the container thus causing container failure.
pressure
124
--a.k.a “INVISIBLE KILLER”
CARBON MONOXIDE
125
--odorless, tasteless and colorless gas
CARBON MONOXIDE
126
OTHER FUELS
1. CHEMICAL FUELS
2. NUCLEAR FUELS
126
When released:
___ vary with the physical and chemical properties of the gas and the nature of the environment in two, which they are released.
Hazards
127
--they are used rocket engines
CHEMICAL FUELS
127
All gases, except oxygen, are hazardous to life if they displace the breathing air.
Most odorless and colorless gases are particularly dangerous, as they are not detectable when inhaled.
HAZARD OF GAS
128
--used in solid and liquid form
CHEMICAL FUELS
129
is the most commonly used nuclear fuel
URANIUM
129
--a common rocket fuels is the chemical called
HYDRAZINE
130
--provide energy through the fission or fusion of their atoms
NUCLEAR FUELS
131
also provide nuclear energy
PLUTONIUM
132
--are used namely to generate electricity
NUCLEAR FUELS
132
refers to the transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another, or from one body to another by virtue of a difference in temperature (conductor)
HEAT
133
-It can be a safety match, a lighted candle, or of more sophisticated forms such as chemical, mechanical, or electrical contrivance designed to start a blaze.
IGNITION HEAT
133
-is a device or means to start a fire.
IGNITION HEAT
134
-It is a tasteless, odorless colorless gas which is generally found within the Earth's atmosphere.
OXYGEN
135
composes 21 percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere;
OXYGEN
136
OXYGEN ____ percent by weight of the oceans ____ percent of pure water is oxygen);
-85.8 percent by weight of the oceans
88.8 percent of pure water is oxygen);
137
percent by weight of the solid crust of the earth.
46.7
137
-and, as an element of most rocks and minerals, 46.7 percent by weight of the solid crust of the earth.
OXYGEN
138
THREE PHASES OF FIRE
1. INITIAL / INCIPIENT
2. FREE BURNING
3. SMOLDERING
138
___ percent by volume or ____ percent by weight of the atmosphere;
21 percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere;
139
- This is the beginning of fire.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
140
-The product of pyrolysis is mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
141
-The base area of the fire has a temperature of 400 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
142
-It is in this stage that fire fighting is easily controlled and subdued.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
143
-This is the acceleration of pyrolytic process.
FREE BURNING
143
CHARACTERISTICS:
- normal room temperature
- oxygen plentiful
- thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point
- temperature at 1000 F
- Producing C02 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoside), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), water and other gases
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
144
-It is during this stage that the maximum heat and destructive capabilities of fire develop.
FREE BURNING
145
-Thus, combating fire in this stage is very difficult and requires more than one firefighter.
FREE BURNING
146
-The thermal column of fire carries destructive gases such as combustible vapor and carbon monoxide.
FREE BURNING
147
-The base temperature of the fire is around 800 to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit and ceiling temperature up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
FREE BURNING
147
CHARACTERISTICS:
- fire has involved more fuel
- oxygen supply has depleted
- heat accumulates at upper area
- temperature exceeds 1,330 F
- area is fully involved
FREE BURNING
148
-This stage is where the fire glows and the combustible materials smolder.
SMOLDERING
148
-Flames would not be visible, but a large amount of carbon monoxide (smoke) is produced.
SMOLDERING
149
-At this point, back draft may occur, wherein the sudden introduction of oxygen with superheated fuel under pressure will cause an explosion.
SMOLDERING
149
-This is the reason why masks are essential in firefighting.
SMOLDERING
150
DANGEROUS/ FATAL BEHAVIOR OF FIRE:
1. BACKDRAFT
2. FLASHOVER
3. BITEBACK
4. FLASHFIRE
150
-Another threat to those at the fire scene is the presence of carbon monoxide which at some levels may cause death to those exposed to it.
SMOLDERING
151
-The sudden and rapid (violent) burning of heated gases in a confined area that occurs in the form of explosion.
BACKDRAFT
151
-This may occur because of improper ventilation.
BACKDRAFT
151
-The sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is incomplete combustion of fuels.
FLASHOVER
152
-If room is not properly ventilated, highly flammable vapors maybe accumulated such that when a door or a window is suddenly opened, the room violently sucks the oxygen and simultaneously, a sudden combustion may occur which may happen as an explosion (combustion explosion).
BACKDRAFT
152
-heated gas + oxygen =
explosion
153
-It is the sudden burning of accumulated free radicals, which is initiated by a spark/flash produced when temperature rises until flash point is reached.
FLASHOVER
154
-When accumulated volume of radical gases suddenly burn, there will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing flames to jump at a certain distance in the form of FIREBALLS.
FLASHOVER
155
-When accumulated volume of radical gases suddenly burn, there will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing flames to jump at a certain distance in the form of
FIREBALLS.
156
can travel to a hundred yards within a few seconds.
FIREBALLS
157
-is better known as DUST EXPLOSION.
FLASHFIRE
157
--product of backdraft
FLASHOVER
158
-This may happen when a metal post that is completely covered with dust is going to be hit by lightning.
FLASHFIRE
158
-A fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists the extinguishment operation and becomes stronger and bigger instead.
BITEBACK
159
-The dust particles covering the metal burn simultaneously thus creating a violent chemical reaction that produces a very bright flash followed by an explosion.
FLASHFIRE
