CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
-In PERSIAN LITERATURE, it is discovered during a fight of hero with a dragon.
FIRE
is discovered through spark
FIRE
- A stone that the hero used as weapon missed the monster and struck a rock. Lights show forth and human beings saw fire for the first time.
FIRE
-has played a central role in religion.
FIRE
____ that the hero used as weapon missed the monster and struck this. Lights show forth and human beings saw fire for the first time.
STONE
-It has been used as GOD (for example the INDO – believe on “Iranian Agni”) and recognized as a symbol of home and family (the heart fire) in many cultures.
FIRE
– believe on “Iranian Agni”
INDO
in Rome was an outstanding example of the importance of fire to the Romans.
TEMPLE OF VESTA
- Roman goddess of the earth
VESTA
is a titan and was bestowed with godlike powers when he stole the god’s fire to give it to humanity.
PROMETHEUS
It has been a symbol of purification, immortality, and renewal; hence, the lighting of flames of remembrance and the myths of the
PHOENIX
It has been a symbol of _____,_____,____; hence, the lighting of flames of remembrance and the myths of the PHOENIX
purification, immortality, and renewal
(people who lived by hunting and gathering wild food)
Hunter gatherers
Source of light by taking advantage of the glow of wood-burning fires to continue their activities after dark and inside their dwelling.
FIRE
made use of fire so that they can remain active after the sun set protect themselves from predators, warm themselves, cook and make better tools.
Hunter gatherers
People learned to control this by blowing at it through reed pipes. Then they used this technique to burn hollows in logs to create cradles, bowls, and canoes.
FIRE
Enabled people to make better weapons and tools.
FIRE
EARLY MEANS OF PRODUCING FIRE
- TWO STICKS
- HAND DRILL
- STRIKING FLINT
- MAGNIFYING GLASS
– another ancient method of starting fires to produce sparks.
–mineral stones lang ang pwedeng gamitin dito
STRIKING FLINT
-The rubbing creates friction between the sticks, and the friction generates heat.
-This heat eventually causes the wood to ignite.
TWO STICKS
– one of the oldest methods of starting fires consists of rubbing two sticks together.
TWO STICKS
is a more efficient method of rubbing two pieces of wood together.
HAND DRILL
-Rapidly spinning a stick of wood against another piece of wood can generate enough friction and heat to cause the wood to ignite.
HAND DRILL
-focuses the sunlight on tinder, and the energy of the sunlight heats the tinder until it ignites.
–concave lens ang pwedeng gamitin dito
MAGNIFYING GLASS
increases the temperature of a combustible material from kindling to ignition temperature.
FRICTION METHOD
TWO METHODS OF PRODUCING FIRE
- FRICTION METHOD
- PERCUSSION METHOD
– This method generates a spark to set kindling a fire (generates sparks)
PERCUSSION METHOD
Fire may also be generated by using a _______ to focus and converge the rays of the sun on combustible material.
LENS OR CURVED REFLECTOR
MODERN USES OF FIRE
- Used in appliances that relies on fire to operate.
- Used to supplement main heating system in their homes.
- Used over campfires.
- Used in incinerators to destroy garbage.
- Used to manufacture products and dispose of waste.
- Fire also heat large boilers to generate steam which then powers large turbines.
- Used in power plants to generate electricity.
- Used as a weapon in times of war.
-It is the manifestation of rapid chemical reaction occurring between a combustible matter and an oxidizer.
FIRE
-It refers to the study of the organization and function of fire prevention and suppression techniques; fire behavior, combustible materials, extinguishing agents, hazardous and toxic material; fire protection techniques and systems; and fire command and fire management (supervision).
FIRE TECHNOLOGY
-It is a result of rapid chemical reaction between a fuel, heat, and oxygen on oxidizer
FIRE
-Defined as the heat and light that comes from burning substances, produced by the combustion of substances.
FIRE
BURNING is also called
COMBUSTION.
– the combustion of a fuel.
burning process
is the common term of the burning process – the combustion of a fuel.
FIRE
- is a chemical reaction or process involving combustible materials and an oxidizing agent producing heat or energy.
COMBUSTION
involves rapid oxidation.
COMBUSTION
- the released energy stays in the reaction to continue it.
COMBUSTION
- energy is dissipated as light and heat.
FIRE
- is the chemical reaction producing energy in the form of heat, light and flame.
FIRE
-It is a self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the release of heat and light.
FIRE
involves burning to get a substance to react with oxygen.
COMBUSTION
is when a substance reacts with oxygen.
OXIDATION
Rapid oxidation of material is chemically termed as
COMBUSTION
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
- HEAT
- FUEL
- OXIDIZING AGENT/ OXYGEN
– a form of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy, as in combustion or burning (ignition temperature)
HEAT
Heat Sources:
OPEN FLAME
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
SPARKS
ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION
– combustible matter (organic material, hydrocarbons);
FUEL
-Any substance which reacts chemically with oxygen and flames.
FUEL
– the common oxidizing agent is
OXYGEN.
–a.k.a “REDUCING AGENT”
FUEL
–the material or substance being burned in the combustion process
FUEL
- a colorless, odorless gas and one of the compositions of air which is approximately 21% by volume.
OXYGEN
Oxygen Sources:
a. 21% of normal oxygen
b. 78% of nitrogen
c. 1% of other gases
Oxygen Requirements:
a. 12% - no fire
b. 14% - flashpoint
c. 21% - fire point
is supplied by air, ignition temperature can be provided by the ignition device (like flame), and any combustible material (usually organic matter) burns on being heated by the ignition device.
OXYGEN
A geometrical figure that diagrams the relationship of the three elements of fire.
FIRE TRIANGLE THEORY
- A four-sided representation of causes of fire.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON THEORY (FIRE QUADRANGLE THEORY)
When the temperature of a substance is very high, it releases highly combustible vapors known as
“FREE RADICALS”.
-When a fuel is heated, it gives off vapor which if mixed with the correct amount of air, can be ignited by heat sources
FIRE TETRAHEDRON THEORY
The fourth element that is added in the Fire Quadrangle Theory is the
CHEMICAL REACTION
-The most important part of the triangle
FUEL
is what burns.
FUEL
-It comes in three form as solid, liquid, or gas.
FUEL
FUEL SOURCES
- solid
- liquid
- gas
– molecules are closely packed together
SOLID
– molecules are loosely packed; density (thinner, alcohol)
LIQUID
– molecules are free to move (nitrogen, LPG)
GAS
CLASSIFICATION OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
- CLASS A FUELS
- CLASS B FUELS
- CLASS C FUELS
- CLASS D FUELS
- CLASS E FUELS
-Ordinary combustible materials that are usually made of organic substances such as wood and wood-based products.
-It includes some of those synthetic and/or inorganic materials like rubber, leather, and plastics.
CLASS A FUELS
-Materials which are in the form of flammable liquids such as alcohol, acidic substances oil and other chemicals such those liquid petroleum products.
Ex: Diesel, petroleum, kerosene, gasoline
CLASS B FUELS
-Normally fire-resistant materials
CLASS C FUELS
-Materials used in electric wiring and other electrical appliances.
CLASS C FUELS
-Combustible metallic substances such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium
CLASS D FUELS
Magnesium – Mg (color niya pag sinunog ay
WHITE
Zirconium COLOR?
BRIGHT RED
SODIUM COLOR
YELLOW
-Combustible gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.
CLASS E FUELS
WHAT ARE UNDER THE SOLID FUELS?
1.1 WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
1.2 FIBERS AND TEXTILES
1.3 LIQUID FUELS
1.4 GAS FUELS
POTASSIUM
VIOLET OR PURPLE
GENERAL CATEGORIES OF FUELS
SOLID FUELS
– include organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and metallic solid materials such as woods, fibers and plastics.
SOLID FUELS
- Factors affecting ignition and burning of woods.
WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
– are the second type of solid fuels.
FIBERS AND TEXTILES
Factors affecting ignition and burning of woods.
* PHYSICAL FORM
* MOISTURE CONTENT- WATER CONTENT
* HEAT CONDUCTIVITY
* RATE AND PERIOD OF HEATING
* RATE OF COMBUSTION
* IGNITION OF TEMPERATURE
WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
NATURAL FIBERS
SYNTHETIC OR ARTIFICIAL FIBERS
WHAT ARE UNDER THE NATURAL FIBERS
- FROM PLANTS
- FROM ANIMALS
- FROM MINERALS
coconut fiber
Coir
- cellulose fibers
-Coir (coconut fiber) bunot
-pulp (wood fiber) kusot
FROM PLANTS
-Asbestos
FROM MINERALS
wood fiber
pulp
-wool, silk, leather
FROM ANIMALS
- fibrous mineral or rock material with fiber
ASBESTOS
is the rare type of cancer ng dahil sa asbestos
MESOTHELIOMA
- non-cellulose fibers (rayon)
ORGANIC FIBERS
WHAT ARE UNDER THE SYNTHETIC OR ARTIFICIAL FIBERS
- ORGANIC FIBERS
- INORGANIC FIBERS
–CARBON FIBER substance is
POLYCRYLONITRILE (90%), RAYON (10%)
is a chemical (powder) used in bombs.
CELLULOSE NITRATE
- fiberglass, steel
INORGANIC FIBERS
Formula OF PLASTIC
C12H16N4O18
CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN.
HYDROGEN %
46
– These are included as ordinary fuels under class A except those materials composed of or containing “cellulose nitrate”.
PLASTICS
NITROGEN %
48
TYPES OF CARBON:
CARBON SOLID AND CARBON GAS
primary composed of organic substances with high molecular weight.
PLASTICS
-It is the thermal decomposition of a solid fuel through the action of heat.
PYROLYSIS
solid in finished state.
PLASTICS
initially in a liquid form or gel-like state but they are molded or cast through the application of heat, pressure, or both (oxygen)
PLASTICS
- It refers to the chemical process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel.
PYROLYSIS
– The most common ______ are kerosene, gasoline, oil-based products, and other volatile products.
liquid fuels
-It is also called CRUDE OIL or HYDROCARBON (liquid),
PETROLEUM
PETROLEUM COLOR
BLACK
ranges from clear yellow-brown oils to thick, black tars.
PETROLEUM
is refined to produce such fuels as gasoline, diesel oil, and kerosene.
PETROLEUM
-It is used to provide energy for most motor vehicles and piston-engine airplanes.
GASOLINE
is burned as fuel in stoves and boilers without processing.
PETROLEUM
improve the octane
METHANOL
Flashpoint: -49F
GASOLINE
GIVE THEIR %
unleaded -
premium -
v-power -
blaze-
unleaded (87%),
premium (89%),
v-power (91%),
blaze (100%)
-Powers most trains, ships, and large trucks.
DIESEL OIL
–sulfur ang hinahalo dito
DIESEL OIL
Flashpoint: 125F- 180F (52C-82C)
DIESEL OIL
mas matagal masunog
DIESEL OIL
-Provides energy for jet planes (lamp)
KEROSENE
-These are light oils, which are used chiefly to heat homes and small buildings.
DISTILLATE OILS/DISTILLED
Flashpoint: 121F (49C)
DISTILLATE OILS/DISTILLED
Flashpoint: 100F (38C)
KEROSENE
-They provide energy to power utilities, factories, and large ships (power plant, boilers)
RESIDUAL OILS
-Heavy, thick oils.
RESIDUAL OILS
-They are also used to heat large buildings.
RESIDUAL OILS
–a.k.a “BUNKER FUEL”
RESIDUAL OILS
Flashpoint: 122F (50C)
RESIDUAL OILS
– it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8 °C.
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID FUELS
A. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B. COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
– it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 37.8 °C
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
will not cause fire. It is the vapors they produce which burn or explode when exposed to air under the influence of heat.
flammable and combustible liquid
is the most widely used flammable liquid.
GASOLINE
-Such fuels flow easily through pipes and are used to provide energy for homes, businesses, and industries.
GAS FUELS
-It includes natural and manufactured gases.
GAS FUELS
molecules collide against one another and against the wall of the container and are relatively far from one another.
GAS FUEL
Matters that has no definite volume and no definite shape.
GAS FUEL
It is composed of very tiny particles (molecules) at constant random motion in a straight line.
GAS FUEL
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES
(BASED ON SOURCE)
- NATURAL GAS
- MANUFACTURED GAS
-It is usually mixed with compounds of the foul-smelling element sulfur so gas leaks can be detected.
NATURAL GAS
-Gas is used to heat buildings, cook food, and provide energy for industries.
NATURAL GAS
-It consists chiefly of methane, a colorless and odorless gas.
NATURAL GAS
-Butane and propane, which make up a small proportion of natural gas, become liquids when placed under large amounts of pressure.
NATURAL GAS
-When pressure is released, they change back into gas. Such fuels, often called LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG), are easily stored and Gas shipped as liquids.
NATURAL GAS
are easily stored and Gas shipped as liquids.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) OR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
which make up a small proportion of natural gas, become liquids when placed under large amounts of pressure.
-Butane and propane
ay ineemit ni Biomas dahil sa bacteria
METHANE
– used as an additive to odorless gases like butane, propane, and petroleum to give them a warning odor
ETHANETHOIL/ ETHYL MERCAPTAN
-Coal, petroleum, and biomass can all be converted to gas through heating and by various chemical procedures.
MANUFACTURED GAS
-This gas like synthetic liquid fuels is used chiefly where certain fuels are abundant and others are scarce.
MANUFACTURED GAS
-Gas can be produced by treating such biomass as animal manure with bacteria called ANAEROBES.
MANUFACTURED GAS
-Gas can be produced by treating such biomass as animal manure with bacteria called
ANAEROBES.
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- COMPRESSED GAS
- LIQUEFIED GAS
- CRYOGENIC GAS
-The bacteria expel methane as they digest the waste.
ANAEROBES.
ANAEROBES expels
METHANE
- A gas which at all normal atmospheric temperature inside its container, exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
COMPRESSED GAS
- A gas in which, at normal atmospheric temperature inside its container, exist in the liquid state and partly in the gaseous state
LIQUEFIED GAS
- A liquified gas which exists in its container at temperature far below normal atmospheric temperature.
CRYOGENIC GAS
– these are used for treatment and respiratory therapy
MEDICAL GASES
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES BASED ON USAGE
- FUEL GASES
- INDUSTRIAL GASES
- MEDICAL GASES
– these are customary used for burning with air to produce heat, which in turn is utilized as power, light and process.
FUEL GASES
– these are used for industrial processes as those used in welding and cutting.
INDUSTRIAL GASES
ay sa anesthesia ginagamit
CHLOROFORM and NITROUS DIOXIDE
When confined in a container:
1. ____ expands when heated.
gases
is destroyed due to contact with flames.
gas container
is developed inside the container thus causing container failure.
pressure
–a.k.a “INVISIBLE KILLER”
CARBON MONOXIDE
–odorless, tasteless and colorless gas
CARBON MONOXIDE
OTHER FUELS
- CHEMICAL FUELS
- NUCLEAR FUELS
When released:
___ vary with the physical and chemical properties of the gas and the nature of the environment in two, which they are released.
Hazards
–they are used rocket engines
CHEMICAL FUELS
All gases, except oxygen, are hazardous to life if they displace the breathing air.
Most odorless and colorless gases are particularly dangerous, as they are not detectable when inhaled.
HAZARD OF GAS
–used in solid and liquid form
CHEMICAL FUELS
is the most commonly used nuclear fuel
URANIUM
–a common rocket fuels is the chemical called
HYDRAZINE
–provide energy through the fission or fusion of their atoms
NUCLEAR FUELS
also provide nuclear energy
PLUTONIUM
–are used namely to generate electricity
NUCLEAR FUELS
refers to the transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another, or from one body to another by virtue of a difference in temperature (conductor)
HEAT
-It can be a safety match, a lighted candle, or of more sophisticated forms such as chemical, mechanical, or electrical contrivance designed to start a blaze.
IGNITION HEAT
-is a device or means to start a fire.
IGNITION HEAT
-It is a tasteless, odorless colorless gas which is generally found within the Earth’s atmosphere.
OXYGEN
composes 21 percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere;
OXYGEN
OXYGEN ____ percent by weight of the oceans ____ percent of pure water is oxygen);
-85.8 percent by weight of the oceans
88.8 percent of pure water is oxygen);
percent by weight of the solid crust of the earth.
46.7
-and, as an element of most rocks and minerals, 46.7 percent by weight of the solid crust of the earth.
OXYGEN
THREE PHASES OF FIRE
- INITIAL / INCIPIENT
- FREE BURNING
- SMOLDERING
___ percent by volume or ____ percent by weight of the atmosphere;
21 percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere;
- This is the beginning of fire.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
-The product of pyrolysis is mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
-The base area of the fire has a temperature of 400 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
-It is in this stage that fire fighting is easily controlled and subdued.
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
-This is the acceleration of pyrolytic process.
FREE BURNING
CHARACTERISTICS:
- normal room temperature
- oxygen plentiful
- thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point
- temperature at 1000 F
- Producing C02 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoside), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), water and other gases
INITIAL / INCIPIENT
-It is during this stage that the maximum heat and destructive capabilities of fire develop.
FREE BURNING
-Thus, combating fire in this stage is very difficult and requires more than one firefighter.
FREE BURNING
-The thermal column of fire carries destructive gases such as combustible vapor and carbon monoxide.
FREE BURNING
-The base temperature of the fire is around 800 to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit and ceiling temperature up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
FREE BURNING
CHARACTERISTICS:
- fire has involved more fuel
- oxygen supply has depleted
- heat accumulates at upper area
- temperature exceeds 1,330 F
- area is fully involved
FREE BURNING
-This stage is where the fire glows and the combustible materials smolder.
SMOLDERING
-Flames would not be visible, but a large amount of carbon monoxide (smoke) is produced.
SMOLDERING
-At this point, back draft may occur, wherein the sudden introduction of oxygen with superheated fuel under pressure will cause an explosion.
SMOLDERING
-This is the reason why masks are essential in firefighting.
SMOLDERING
DANGEROUS/ FATAL BEHAVIOR OF FIRE:
- BACKDRAFT
- FLASHOVER
- BITEBACK
- FLASHFIRE
-Another threat to those at the fire scene is the presence of carbon monoxide which at some levels may cause death to those exposed to it.
SMOLDERING
-The sudden and rapid (violent) burning of heated gases in a confined area that occurs in the form of explosion.
BACKDRAFT
-This may occur because of improper ventilation.
BACKDRAFT
-The sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is incomplete combustion of fuels.
FLASHOVER
-If room is not properly ventilated, highly flammable vapors maybe accumulated such that when a door or a window is suddenly opened, the room violently sucks the oxygen and simultaneously, a sudden combustion may occur which may happen as an explosion (combustion explosion).
BACKDRAFT
-heated gas + oxygen =
explosion
-It is the sudden burning of accumulated free radicals, which is initiated by a spark/flash produced when temperature rises until flash point is reached.
FLASHOVER
-When accumulated volume of radical gases suddenly burn, there will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing flames to jump at a certain distance in the form of FIREBALLS.
FLASHOVER
-When accumulated volume of radical gases suddenly burn, there will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing flames to jump at a certain distance in the form of
FIREBALLS.
can travel to a hundred yards within a few seconds.
FIREBALLS
-is better known as DUST EXPLOSION.
FLASHFIRE
–product of backdraft
FLASHOVER
-This may happen when a metal post that is completely covered with dust is going to be hit by lightning.
FLASHFIRE
-A fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists the extinguishment operation and becomes stronger and bigger instead.
BITEBACK
-The dust particles covering the metal burn simultaneously thus creating a violent chemical reaction that produces a very bright flash followed by an explosion.
FLASHFIRE
