CHAP 3 Flashcards
-such as thermal balance and thermal imbalance are those activities wherein the fireman and investigators should be acquainted or familiar with.
FIRE BEHAVIOR
-refers to the natural condition created by the fire or the normal movement of fire, smoke and fire gases within a structure or building.
THERMAL BALANCE
-refers to those turbulent circulations of steam and smoke which replaces the normal flow of the products of combustion.
THERMAL IMBALANCE
-Hot spots may develop during the extinguishment of the fire upsetting the thermal balance; such holes produced may mislead the investigator to believe that the fire originated at that location.
THERMAL IMBALANCE
is produced from the breaking and formation of chemical bonds.
HEAT
-In a chemical reaction, _____ are not lost but merely restructured
atoms
______ absorb energy when their chemical bonds are reformed.
Molecules
-Aside from the sun, there are four known sources of heat, namely:
CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, NUCLEAR AND MECHANICAL.
HEAT UNITS
- LATENT HEAT
- HEAT OF FUSION
- HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
-refers to the amount of heat absorbed by a substance when a substance from solid to a liquid, and from a liquid to gas.
LATENT HEAT
is released during the conversion of a gas to liquid or liquid to solid.
HEAT
is the quantity of heat absorbed when a substance is converted from liquid to gas.
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
is the quantity of heat necessary to convert solid to liquid.
HEAT OF FUSION
-is a process by which energy in the form of heat is exchanged between bodies or parts of the same body at different temperatures.
HEAT TRANSFER
– Which refers to the passage of heat energy from particle to particle in a substance.
- CONDUCTION
–transmission of heat through an object/medium or conductor such as pipe, metal or even wall
- CONDUCTION
– Usually generated by intense fire it refers to heat travel in an upward movement.
- CONVECTION
-Heat moves by ______ by moving from one molecule to another creating a thermal column called ______ currents which circulates and rises.
convection
is a means by which heat is transformed by a circulating medium either gas or a liquid.
- CONVECTION
– Heat transfer even when separated by a vacuum.
- RADIATION
is a term commonly applied to all kinds of electromagnetic-wave phenomena
- RADIATION
-The process in which energy such as heat and rays of light is sent out from atoms and molecules as they undergo internal alteration
- RADIATION
travels in a straight line with the speed of light.
- RADIATION
–transmission through the discharge and spread of heat from a heated or burning source
- RADIATION
takes place through the air or through space that cause another flammable object to ignite
- RADIATION
-refers to the rising movement or the pattern of fire, the normal behavior when the pattern is undisturbed.
Thermal Balance
- heat maybe conducted from one body to another by direct _____
FLAME CONTACT
- on the other hand is the abnormal movement of fire due to the interference of foreign matter.
Thermal imbalance
- often confuses the fire investigator in determining the exact point where the fire originated.
Thermal imbalance
The sensation of warmth or coldness of a matter on contact is determined by the property known as
temperature
consists of a tube filled partially with liquid that measures the expansion and contraction of the liquid with changes on temperature
thermometer
The tube is calibrated to allow the reading of the level of the liquid in degrees of a temperature scale.
thermometer
-a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point.
TEMPERATURE
-is 1/180 the difference between the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water.
Fahrenheit degree °F
-measured in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius.
TEMPERATURE
-In the _______ scale, used in English-speaking countries for purposes other than scientific work and based on the mercury thermometer the melting point of ice is 32° F while boiling point of water is 212° F.
Fahrenheit degree °F
-In the Fahrenheit scale, used in English-speaking countries for purposes other than scientific work and based on the mercury thermometer the melting point of ice is ____ while boiling point of water is ____.
melting point of ice is 32° F while
boiling point of water is 212° F.
-also known as Celsius degree °C is 1/100 the difference between the temperature of melting ice and boiling water at one atmospheric pressure.
Centigrade
-On the ______ scale the boiling point of water is 100° C and the melting point of ice is at 0° C.
Centigrade
is widely used throughout the world, particularly for scientific work, although it was superseded officially in 1950 by the international temperature scale.
Centigrade
-On the centigrade scale the boiling point of water is ____ C and the melting point of ice is at ____ C.
boiling point of water is 100° C and the melting point of ice is at 0° C.
-is the same scale as Celsius degree but the boiling point of water is 373 and the melting point of ice is at 273.
Absolute or Kelvin °A or °K
-In the _____ scale, the most commonly used thermodynamic temperature scale, zero is defined as the absolute zero of temperature, that is, -273.15° C, or -459.67° F.
Absolute or Kelvin °A or °K
Absolute or Kelvin °A or °K
-is the same scale as Celsius degree but the boiling point of water is ____ and the melting point of ice is at _____
boiling point of water is 373 and the melting point of ice is at 273.
-In the Kelvin scale, the most commonly used thermodynamic temperature scale, zero is defined as the absolute zero of temperature, that is, _______ OR _____
-273.15° C, or -459.67° F.
Another scale employing absolute zero as its lowest point is the ______, in which each degree of temperature is equivalent to one degree on the Fahrenheit scale.
Rankine scale
The freezing point of water on the _____ is 492° R, and the boiling point is 672° R.
Rankine scale
is based on an interruption of one or more of the essential elements in the combustion process.
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
The freezing point of water on the Rankine scale is ____° R, and the boiling point is ____° R.
492° R, and the boiling point is 672° R.
-With flaming combustion the fire may be extinguished by reducing temperature, eliminating fuel or oxygen, or by stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction.
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
- If a fire is in the smoldering mode of combustion, only three extinguishment options exist: reduction of temperature, elimination of fuel or oxygen.
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
- If a fire is in the smoldering mode of combustion, only three extinguishment options exist:
reduction of temperature, elimination of fuel or oxygen.
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORY
- EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
- EXTINGUISHMENT BY FUEL REMOVAL
- EXTINGUISHMENT BY OXYGEN DILUTION
- EXTINGUISHMENT BY CHEMICAL FLAME INHIBITION
-The process of extinguishment by cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
-One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
-If we look at fuel types and vapor production, we find that solid fuels and liquid fuels with high flash points can be extinguished by cooling.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
-Low flashpoint liquids and flammable gases cannot be extinguished by cooling with water as vapor production cannot be sufficiently reduced.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
-____________ cannot be extinguished by cooling with water as vapor production cannot be sufficiently reduced.
Low flashpoint liquids and flammable gases
-In some cases, a fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY FUEL REMOVAL
is dependent on the application of an adequate flow in proper form to establish a negative heat balance.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY TEMPERATURE REDUCTION
-This may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of the fire.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY FUEL REMOVAL
-Another method of fuel removal is to allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY FUEL REMOVAL
-The method of extinguishment is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to the fire area.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY OXYGEN DILUTION
-This can be accomplished by introducing an inert gas into the fire or by separating the oxygen from the fuel.
. EXTINGUISHMENT BY OXYGEN DILUTION
-This method of extinguishment will not work on self-oxidizing materials or on certain metals as they are oxidized by carbon dioxide or nitrogen, the two most common extinguishing agents
. EXTINGUISHMENT BY OXYGEN DILUTION
-Some extinguishing agents, such as dry chemicals and halons, interrupt the flame producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid extinguishment.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY CHEMICAL FLAME INHIBITION
-This method of extinguishment is effective only on gas and liquid fuels as they cannot burn in the smoldering mode of combustion
EXTINGUISHMENT BY CHEMICAL FLAME INHIBITION
-If extinguishment of smoldering materials is desired, the addition of cooling capability is required.
EXTINGUISHMENT BY CHEMICAL FLAME INHIBITION
-Portable fire extinguishers are designed to attack a fire in its initial stage.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
-The selection of a suitable extinguisher is primarily influenced by the following factors:
- The size and rate of fire spread
- The Class of fire (i.e. type of materials involved)
- The training and capabilities of the person using the extinguisher
-extinguisher filled with water use to fight Class A and Class B fires except class C fires.
WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-those extinguishers that contain Carbon Monoxide Gas use to fight class A, B, and C fires
LIQUEFIED FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-those that contain chemical powder intended to fight all classes of fires
DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER
-contains sodium bicarbonate and a foam- stabilizing agent in a larger compartment and a solution of aluminum sulfate in an inner cylinder; reaction between the two solutions forms a stabilized foam of carbon dioxide bubbles.
FOAM EXTINGUISHER
-filled with sodium bicarbonate mixed with water a small bottle of sulfuric acid is suspended inside (near the top) in such a way that when the extinguisher is turned up-side-down, the acid mixes with sodium bicarbonate: carbon dioxide is formed by the reaction which results to building of pressure
SODA-ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-contains non-conducting liquid. generalization carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromethane.
VAPORIZING LIQUID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-This type is usually used in fires involving flammable liquids or electrical equipment
VAPORIZING LIQUID FIRE EXTINGUISHER
-effective against burning liquids and fires in live electrical equipment; used mainly to put out Class C fires
CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Foam (_____ band): flammable liquid fires - not electrical
Blue
_____________ provides that the following types of fires extinguishers are prohibited for manufacture or sale
Rule 37, Sec. 104 of IRR of PD 1185
T. P.A.S.S. MEANING
Twist the pin.
Pull the pin.
Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of flames.
Squeeze trigger while holding the extinguisher upright.
Sweep the extinguisher or nozzle from side to side covering the base of the fire.
The contents of small extinguishers may last as little as ___ seconds and up to ___ seconds for larger extinguishers. The time to discharge an extinguisher depends on the type and size of the extinguisher.
8 SECONDS
60 SECONDS
-are provided for a ‘first attack’ firefighting measure generally undertaken by the occupants of the building before the fire service arrives.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
-It is important that occupants are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
-Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Water (solid ____): wood and paper fires - not electrical
Red
Carbon Dioxide (_____ band) electrical fires
Black
Dry Chemical (_____ band) flammable liquids and electrical fires
White
Wet chemical (______ band) fat fires - not electrical
Oatmeal
Special Purpose (_____ band) various (eg. metal fires)
Yellow
are colour coded according to the extinguishing agent
Extinguishers
_____ locations must be clearly identified
Fire extinguisher
is a substance that will put out a fire.
EXTINGUISHING AGENT
EXTINGUISHING AGENT specific actions ARE
1 – COOLING
2 – SMOTHERING
3 – OXYGEN DILUTION
4 – CHAIN BREAKING
operates by attacking one or more side of the fire tetrahedron.
EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-To reduce the temperature.
COOLING
-This is a direct attack on the heat side of the fire tetrahedron.
COOLING
–uses an extinguishing agent whose primary characteristic is heat absorption
COOLING
-To separate the fuel from oxygen.
SMOTHERING
-This can be considered as an attack on the edge of the fire tetrahedron where the fuel and oxygen meet.
SMOTHERING
-This is an attack on the oxygen side of the fire tetrahedron
OXYGEN DILUTION
–excludes oxygen from the fuel so that the gases or vapours of the fuel cannot ignite and continue the combustion
SMOTHERING
-To reduce amount of available oxygen needed to sustain combustion.
OXYGEN DILUTION
-It is a liquid between the temperatures of 0 °C and 100 °C (32 °F and 212 °F); at 100 °C (212 °F) it boils and burns to steam.
WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
- BCF-HALON 1211
- DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-To disrupt the chemical process that sustains the fire (the chain reaction side of the fire tetrahedron).
CHAIN BREAKING
-_______ weighs slightly less, and ____ slightly more.
Fresh water
seawater
-It weighs about 1 Kg/liter (8.5 lb/gal);
WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-Being fluid and relatively heavy, is easily transported through fire mains and hoses when it is placed under pressure.
WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
is increased by forcing it through a restricted nozzle at the working end of the hose.
WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
can be thrown a fairly good distance if sufficient pressure is available.
WATER EXTINGUISHING AGENT
provides a smothering action.
Water
is primarily a cooling agent
Water
-It absorbs heat and cools burning materials more effectively than any of the commonly used extinguishing agents.
Water
-A blanket of bubbles that extinguishes fire mainly by smothering.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-The bubbles are formed by mixing water and foam-making agent (foam concentrate). The result is called
FOAM SOLUTION
are lighting than the lightest flammable oils.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-When applied to burning oils, they float on the surface of the oil.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-Use to form a blanket on the surface of flaming liquids, including oils.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It dilutes the air surrounding the fire until the oxygen content is too low to support combustion.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It delivers a quick smothering action to flames, reducing oxygen and suffocating the fire.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It dissipates without leaving any contamination or corrosive residue.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It has a cooling effect which gives foam its Class A extinguishing capability.
FOAM EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-A colorless and odorless gas will not damage clothing, equipment and other valuable items.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It is effective on Class B fires, where the main consideration is to keep the flammable vapors separated from oxygen in the air.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It extinguishes fire mainly by smothering.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It has a very limited cooling effect and thus, can be used on Class A fires in confined spaces, where the atmosphere may be diluted sufficiently to stop combustion.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It does not conduct electricity and can be used on live electrical equipment.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-Extinguishment takes time.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-It is use to protect areas containing valuable article.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- It is not effective on substances that contain their own oxygen
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- It is not effective on combustible metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and zirconium.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- It is suffocating in the concentration necessary for extinguishments.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
- It has a very limited cooling capacity.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-When proportionally mixed with water and applied with conventional foam or water, it generates white foam with a remarkable ability to make a water float on flammable liquid which are lighter than water.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-A person exposed to this concentration would suffer dizziness and unconsciousness.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-Light water.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-A synthetic foam-forming liquid designed for use with fresh water.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-This double action foam and aqueous film enhances extinguishments of flammable liquids fires and prevent reflash.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-This action also takes place on spilled or leaking liquid fuels, which have not been ignited so they are secured and are not readily ignited.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-Light water can extinguish a liquid fire in less than half the time when used in conventional foam.
AFFF – AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
-It stands for Bromochlorodifluoromethane.
BCF-HALON 1211
-It has the ability to minimize the possibility to re flash after the fire has been extinguished.
BCF-HALON 1211
-One of the modern and effective fire-extinguishing agents available for general risk.
BCF-HALON 1211
-It has the ability to minimize the possibility to re flash after the fire has been extinguished.
BCF-HALON 1211
-It is a vaporizing liquid, which will chemically interrupt the chain reaction taking place in the flames.
BCF-HALON 1211
-Highly recommended for use in industrial factory, home computers and electronic companies, motor vehicles, etc.
BCF-HALON 1211
- No dry chemicals exhibit any great capacity for cooling.
- Cooling
-should not be confused with dry powders which are intended only for combustible materials.
DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-Chemicals in powder form.
DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT
-However, a small amount of cooling takes place simply because the dry chemical is at lower temperature than the burning material.
-Heat is transferred from the hooter fuel to the cooler dry chemical when the latter is introduced to the fire.
- Cooling
-When dry chemical react with the heat and burning material, some carbon dioxide and water vapor are produced.
-These dilute the fuel vapors and the air surrounding the fire.
-The result is a limited smothering effect.
- Smothering
- Dry chemical produces an opaque cloud in the combustion area.
-This cloud reduces the amount of heat that is radiated back to the heart of fire, i.e., the opaque cloud absorbs some of the radiation feedback that is required to sustain the fire.
-Less vapor is produced, and the fire becomes less intense.
- Shielding of Radiant Heat
- Chain reactions are necessary for continued combustion.
-In these, chain reactions, fuel and oxygen molecules are broken down by heat, they recombine into the new molecules giving off additional heat.
-This additional heat breaks down more molecules, which then recombine and gives off still more heat.
-The fire thus builds, or at least sustains itself, through reactions that liberate enough heat to set off other reactions.
- Chain Breaking
- to fight fire before it occurs (fire prevention)
ex. Fire drill, installation of fire extinguisher and smoke alarm, establishing SOP
PRE-FIRE PLANNING
- an estimate of the situation.
-(on-the-spot planning or sizing up the situation.)
SIZE-UP
– This the activity transferring of people, livestock, and property away from burning area.
EVACUATION
- to prevent the fire from extending to other involved building/structure
-(securing other building near the burning structure)
COVER EXPOSURE
- Removal of victims from endangered areas and bringing them to a place of safety.
RESCUE
- to prevent the fire from extending to other uninvolved portions of the burning building.
- (restricting the fire at the place ex. Room)
CONFINEMENT
- to displace smoke, hot, poisonous or toxic gases from a contaminated area and replacing them with fresh air from outside.
VENTILATION
-(it done when the fire is already extinguished)
VENTILATION
is to release heat and fire gases into the open.
VENTILATION
- Reduce the impact of fire gases and heat on trapped persons, and to facilitate their evacuation from the building.
VENTILATION
- Facilitate the fire and rescue operation by reducing the thermal load, and to improve visibility in the building for the firefighting crew.
VENTILATION
- Prevent or contain the spread of fire or fire gases through a reduction of the impact of pressure and heat in the building
VENTILATION
The activity of protecting the properties from preventable damage other than the fire.
SALVAGE
- Enable or facilitate salvage and overhaul at an early stage of the fire and rescue operation
VENTILATION
-This is the process of putting out the main body of fire.
EXTINGUISHMENT
-This is the complete and detailed check of the structure and all materials therein to eliminate conditions that may cause re-flash.
OVERHAUL
-So, for example, this can be the case for apartment fires or for certain types of industrial buildings where the building only has one level or where there are no skylights or roof vents.
CROSS/HORIZONTAL FIRE VENTILATION
-This is the final stage of fire suppression activities.
FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
FIRE VENTILATION can be performed in three different ways:
HORIZONTALLY, VERTICALLY, MECHANICALLY
- Fire ventilation is _____ when exhaust openings are on the same plane as the fire and fire gases flow sideways
CROSS/HORIZONTAL FIRE VENTILATION
-It is an inquiry conducted to know or determine the origin and cause of fire
FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
- The method to establish vertical ventilation is it must be worked from the top and down.
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
-If the smoke and gases have not reached the higher levels, cross ventilation can clear the building one floor at time.
CROSS/HORIZONTAL FIRE VENTILATION
when exhaust openings are located higher than the fire and the fire gases flow upwards (vertically) out of the building.
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
-Exhaust openings should be located as high as possible in the building in order to utilize thermal buoyancy as much as possible
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
-Existing windows, skylights or roof vents can be used as exhaust openings. But sometimes it may also be necessary to create openings in a roof.
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
can be better utilized through vertical fire ventilation.
Thermal buoyancy
-A special case with __________ is in the case of basement fires. Since basements are below ground level, ventilation will normally always be vertical. In addition, ventilation openings often also become attack routes for the fire and rescue service.
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
-As a result, we are often forced to use an attack route where hot fire gases flow out, this entails a number of risks and problems. Although there may be several attack routes, it may be difficult to prevent the spread of fire gases through these attack routes due to the thermal buoyancy in the fire gases or due to wind.
VERTICAL FIRE VENTILATION
- A process or method of ventilation whereby a device such as smoke ejector
MECHANICAL FIRE VENTILATION
This is the safest way of ventilation
MECHANICAL FIRE VENTILATION
-with the help of fans, positive or a negative pressure can be created.
MECHANICAL FIRE VENTILATION
must be combined with creating inlets as well as exhaust openings so that either horizontal or vertical ventilation occurs.
MECHANICAL FIRE VENTILATION
- to put out the main body of fire.
EXTINGUISHMENT
- It is an activity to protect properties of value from preventable damages due to sources other than the fire; minimize damage.
SALVAGE
- It is the process of searching for hidden fire extension on a fire scene.
OVERHAULING
-It is used in conjunction with salvage operations to reduce loss cause by fire.
OVERHAULING
-is a device that sounds an alarm if a small amount of smoke enters their sensors
SMOKE DETECTOR
is one of the last steps in the firefighting process.
OVERHAULING
-It is conducted to prevent the fire from rekindling.
OVERHAULING
-(complete and detailed check)
OVERHAULING
– this is the final stage of fire suppression activities.
. POST FIRE ANALYSIS OR FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
- a critique of the fire operations conducted.
POST FIRE ANALYSIS OR FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
-A type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry water under pressure from the source of supply to a point where it is discharged to extinguish fire.
Fire Hose
-It is a device over which rope or hose may be pulled to hoist or lower equipment when firefighters are operating in buildings above the ground level.
HOSE HOIST
-It consists of a metal frame, curved so that it will fit over a windowsill or the edge of the roof.
HOSE HOIST
-It contains two or more rollers over which rope or hose may be drawn.
HOSE HOIST
-This device reduces the possibility of cutting the hose on the sharp edge of the wall, cornice, or roof while it is being raised or lowered.
HOSE HOIST
-It is a tool to shut off the water in hose lines when other control valves are not applicable.
HOSE CLAMP
-It is used to replace a burst section of hose, to extend lines, or to hold water back for line advancement without shutting off the source of supply.
HOSE CLAMP
-It is to tighten or loosen hose couplings, but this versatile tool can be used to close utility cocks, pry, and hammer.
HOSE SPANNER WRENCH
-It is used to seal small cuts or breaks which may occur in fire hose or to connect damaged couplings of the same size.
-It is used to seal small cuts or breaks which may occur in fire hose or to connect damaged couplings of the same size.
The characteristics of the stream of water or fire stream are determined mainly by the nozzle.
NOZZLE
-It protects hose from injuries from vehicles crossing hose lines.
FIRE HOSE RAMPS AND BRIDGES
-It is a piece of firefighting equipment used to direct and control a stream of water.
NOZZLE
-Firefighters at the nozzles will receive sudden jerks each time a wheel cuts off the water momentarily.
FIRE HOSE RAMPS AND BRIDGES
-They are generally used to protect living quarters, adjacent and passageways.
WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
-The system may extinguish fire in these places.
WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
-Their primary function is to protect the building structure, limit the spread of fire and control the amount of heat produced.
WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
-They also protect the people in these areas and maintain escape routes.
WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
-When a firefighter says “truck” though, he usually means a
“hook and ladder” or “aerial ladder” truck.
-The term usually means any other type of truck used to carry equipment or people to a fire or emergency.
FIRE TRUCKS
-The main types are engines, ladder appliances, rescue vehicle
FIRE TRUCKS
Types of fire trucks:
a. fire engines
b. ladder trucks
c. rescue trucks
d. aerial ladder trucks
have a large pump that takes water from a fire hydrant or other source.
FIRE ENGINES
-The pump boosts the pressure of the water and forces it through hoses.
-carry several sizes of hoses and nozzles.
FIRE ENGINES
Also called water tenders
FIRE ENGINES
-It has large pump that takes water from a small fire hydrant or other source.
FIRE ENGINES
-Many also have a small-diameter hose called a
booster line
-These are equipped with portable ladders of various types and sizes.
LADDER TRUCKS
used for fighting grass or bush fire carry a tank of water and such tools as shovels and rakes.
FIRE ENGINES
-These also carry forcible entry tools, which firefighters use to gain entry into a building and to ventilate it to let out smoke.
LADDER TRUCKS
-Common forcible entry tools include axes, power saws, and sledge hammers.
LADDER TRUCKS
called quints have their own pump.
LADDER TRUCKS
KINDS OF LADDER TRUCKS
- AERIAL LADDER TRUCK/ TURNTABLE LADDER APPLIANCE
- ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
-It has metal extension ladder mounted on a turntable.
AERIAL LADDER TRUCK/ TURNTABLE LADDER APPLIANCE
-It has metal extension ladder mounted on a turntable.
AERIAL LADDER TRUCK/ TURNTABLE LADDER APPLIANCE
-It has a cage like platform that can hold several people.
ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
-The platform is attached to a lifting device that is mounted on a turntable.
ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
-The lifting device consists of either a hinged boom (long metal arm) or an extendable boom made of several sections that fit inside each other.
ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
-The boom on the largest trucks can extend 150 feet (46 meters).
ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
- A built-in hose runs the length of the boom and is used to direct water on a fire.
-In most cases, a pump in a nearby engine generates the pressure needed to spray the water.
ELEVATING-PLATFORM TRUCK/ HYDRAUTIC PLATFORM TRUCK
-These are enclosed vehicles equipped with many of the same kinds of forcible entry tools that ladder truck carry.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-It also carries additional equipment for unusual rescues.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-They have such tools as oxyacetylene torches, for cutting through metal and hydraulic jacks, for lifting heavy objects.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-They have such tools as oxyacetylene torches, for cutting through metal and hydraulic jacks, for lifting heavy objects.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-With a hydraulic rescue tool, commonly known by the trade name__________, firefighters can apply a large amount of pressure to two objects to squeeze them together to or pry them apart.
Jaws of Life
-It is often used to free people trapped in automobiles and other vehicles after the incident.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-Water is ineffective against many aircraft fires, such as those that involve jet fuel, gasoline, or certain metals.
SPECIAL FIRE VEHICLES
-It also carries small hand tools, such as crowbars and saws, and topes and harnesses for rescuing people from water or high places.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-In addition it carries medical supplies and equipment.
RESCUE TRUCKS/ RESCUE VEHICLE
-It includes airport crash trucks and hazardous material trucks.
SPECIAL FIRE VEHICLES
-Airport crash trucks are engines that spray foam or dry chemicals on burning aircraft.
SPECIAL FIRE VEHICLES
-Firefighters require THIS for protection against flames, falling objects, heat, toxic gases or lack of oxygen, loss of vision, loss of communication, and physical damage.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- They are necessary to alert fire fighters to the outbreak of a fire.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
-Most fire alarms are telephoned to the fire department.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
-Sometimes called a wall ladder, used for quick access to windows and roofs of one and two-story buildings. (12’, 14’, 16’, 18’ and 24’)
STRAIGHT LADDER
-It is non-adjustable in length and consists only of one section.
STRAIGHT LADDER
-It provides access in windows and roofs within the limits of extendable length.
EXTENSION LADDER
-It is adjustable in length.
EXTENSION LADDER
-It consists of two or more section, which travels in guides or brackets to permit length adjustment.
EXTENSION LADDER
are usually equipped with stabilizing poles, called tormentors (24’ to 55’ in length).
Extra long ladders
is a 12-foot long extension ladder without a halyard for raising the flying section.
baby extension (baby Bangor)
The hand-raised fly is held in position by engaging its heel spurs over the upper rungs of the main section.
EXTENSION LADDER
-It is designed for one specific function. However, it may be used for other purposes if condition warrant.
ROOF LADDERS
-These are equipped with folding at the top and which provide a means of anchoring the ladder over the roof ridge or other roof part.
ROOF LADDERS
-These are generally equipped to lie flat on the roof surface so that firefighters may stand on the ladder for roof work.
ROOF LADDERS
-These are usually short in length since they only require reaching a short distance.
FOLDING LADDERS OR COLLAPSIBLE LADDERS
-Their length range from 12 to 20 feet
ROOF LADDERS
-It provides a means of reaching through opening into attics and lofts and other areas which are somewhat difficult to reach without a special ladder.
FOLDING LADDERS OR COLLAPSIBLE LADDERS
-It provides a means of reaching through opening into attics and lofts and other areas which are somewhat difficult to reach without a special ladder.
FOLDING LADDERS OR COLLAPSIBLE LADDERS
-An artificial ladder is a mechanical unit generally operated by hydraulic power that is mounted built chassis.
AERIAL LADDERS
-The source of power is usually derived from apparatus engine which actuates a hydraulic hoist.
AERIAL LADDERS
-These are currently constructed of metal and are trusted to provide adequate strength.
AERIAL LADDERS
-These generally range in length from 65 to 100 feet, but longer ladders do not exist.
AERIAL LADDERS
apparatus combines some features of both aerial ladder equipment and elevating platforms.
TOWER LADDERS
-A telescoping boom has a ladder mounted on it, but the top working area is a partially enclosed platform. Various ground ladders are also carried.
TOWER LADDERS
-Though these are not considered to be ladders, some elevating platform apparatus carry ground ladders.
ELEVATING PLATFORMS
-This apparatus has some features, which is similar to aerial ladders, but they are primarily a portable elevator controlled by an operator.
ELEVATING PLATFORMS
was used by firefighters to reach the upper stories of tall buildings, beyond the reach of ground or aerial ladders but their use has diminished greatly.
POMPIER LADDERS
-It consists of a large gooseneck book at the tip, which a single bed through which the rungs project.
POMPIER LADDERS
