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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Where is the smooth muscle found?

A

Walls of blood vessels and most internal organs

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3
Q

What kind of muscle is the smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

What is the smooth muscle function?

A

Contraction and relaxation.

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5
Q

What muscle tissue helps move food through the digestive tract, expel urine, and give birth?

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

What muscle tissue shares characteristics with skeletal muscle but is NOT under conscious control?

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

A

The heart

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8
Q

What is the cardiac muscle’s function?

A

Controls itself with some fine tuning by the nervous system

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9
Q

What muscle tissue is under conscious control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

Most attach to and move the skeleton. Makes up the musculoskeletal system.

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11
Q

What is the outer connective tissue covering of the skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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12
Q

What does the epimysium do?

A

Surrounds the entire muscle to hold it together and give it shape

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13
Q

What are the fascicles (fasciculi)?

A

Small bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue around fascicles?

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

What is inside the perimysium?

A

Muscle fibers (each are a muscle cell)

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16
Q

Are muscle cells multinucleated?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is the sheath of connective tissue that covers muscle fibers?

A

Endomysium

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18
Q

What does the endomysium consist of?

A

Myofibrils divided into sarcomeres

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19
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A

Plasma membrane that surrounds individual muscle fibers and transports nutrients and maintains PH

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20
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Plasmalemma of the muscle cell

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21
Q

What is located between the plasmalemma and basement membrane?

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscle and in muscles adaptation to injury, immobilization, and training

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23
Q

What is the gelatin-like substance that fills spaces within and between myofibrils?

A

Sarcoplasm

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24
Q

What does the sarcoplasm consist of?

A

Dissolved proteins, minerals, glycogen, fats, and necessary organelles

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25
Why is the sarcoplasm different from cytoplasms in other cells?
It contains a large quantity of stored glycogen and myoglobin
26
What is housed inside of the sarcoplasm?
Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules) and glycogen
27
What are T-Tubules?
Extensions of the plasmalemma that pass laterally through the muscle fiber
28
What are the T-Tubules function?
Carries action potential into muscle
29
What is the longitudinal network of tubules?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
30
Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum found?
Within the muscle fiber
31
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum function?
serves as a storage sight for CALCIUM
32
What is contained inside muscle fibers?
Myofibrils
33
What are sarcomeres?
The basic functional unit of a myofibril and the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
34
What are myofibrils composed of?
Numerous sarcomeres joined END to END at the z-disks
35
What are the 2 types of protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction in myofibrils?
Acting and Myosin
36
What protein filament is the thinnest?
Actin
37
What protein filament is the thickest?
Myosin
38
How many myosin molecules are in each myosin filament?
About 200 myosin molecules
39
What is every myosin molecule composed of?
Two protein strands twisted together
40
What are the ends of the protein strands in a myosin molecules doing?
They are folded into a GLOBULAR HEAD
41
What do the globular heads in myosin molecules do?
Protrude from the thick filament to form cross bridges that interact with active sites on the thin filaments
42
What is titin?
Inside fine filaments and stabilizes the myosin filaments along their longitudinal axis
43
What does titin do?
Strengthen myosin and spaces out actin
44
What are the 3 protein molecules composed inside the actin filaments?
Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
45
What is the anchoring protein for actin?
Nebulin
46
What is the function of nebulin?
Mediates actin and myosin interactions
47
What is the 3rd myofilament of the skeletal muscle
Titin
48
What provides increased force when muscles are stretched?
Titin
49
What prevents overstretching and damage to the sarcomere by resisting active stretching?
Titin
50
What is an a-motor neuron?
A nerve cell that connects with and innervates many muscle fibers
51
What is a motor unit?
a single a-motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it directly signals
52
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The synapse/gap between the a-motor neuron and a muscle fiber
53
What is the neuromuscular junction's function?
Where communication between the nervous and muscular systems occur
54
What is the first step of a skeletal muscle contraction?
An action potential/nerve impulse starts in the brain
55
What happens after an action potential starts in the brain in a skeletal muscle contraction?
The action potential arrives at the axon terminal and releases acetylcholine (Ach)
56
What happens after Ach is released from the axon terminal in a skeletal muscle contraction?
Ach crosses the SYNAPTIC CLEFT and binds to Ach receptors on the plasmalemma
57
What happens after Ach binds to receptors on the plasmalemma?
The action potential travels down the plasmalemma to the T-Tubules
58
What happens once the action potential reaches the T-tubules in skeletal muscle contraction?
It triggers CALCIUM to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
59
What happens after calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium enables actin-myosin contraction
60
What are the components of the muscle fiber?
Endomysium, plasmalemma, sarcolemma, satellite cells, sarcoplasm, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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