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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Where is the smooth muscle found?

A

Walls of blood vessels and most internal organs

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3
Q

What kind of muscle is the smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

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4
Q

What is the smooth muscle function?

A

Contraction and relaxation.

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5
Q

What muscle tissue helps move food through the digestive tract, expel urine, and give birth?

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

What muscle tissue shares characteristics with skeletal muscle but is NOT under conscious control?

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

A

The heart

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8
Q

What is the cardiac muscle’s function?

A

Controls itself with some fine tuning by the nervous system

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9
Q

What muscle tissue is under conscious control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

Most attach to and move the skeleton. Makes up the musculoskeletal system.

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11
Q

What is the outer connective tissue covering of the skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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12
Q

What does the epimysium do?

A

Surrounds the entire muscle to hold it together and give it shape

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13
Q

What are the fascicles (fasciculi)?

A

Small bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue around fascicles?

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

What is inside the perimysium?

A

Muscle fibers (each are a muscle cell)

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16
Q

Are muscle cells multinucleated?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is the sheath of connective tissue that covers muscle fibers?

A

Endomysium

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18
Q

What does the endomysium consist of?

A

Myofibrils divided into sarcomeres

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19
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A

Plasma membrane that surrounds individual muscle fibers and transports nutrients and maintains PH

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20
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Plasmalemma of the muscle cell

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21
Q

What is located between the plasmalemma and basement membrane?

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscle and in muscles adaptation to injury, immobilization, and training

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23
Q

What is the gelatin-like substance that fills spaces within and between myofibrils?

A

Sarcoplasm

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24
Q

What does the sarcoplasm consist of?

A

Dissolved proteins, minerals, glycogen, fats, and necessary organelles

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25
Q

Why is the sarcoplasm different from cytoplasms in other cells?

A

It contains a large quantity of stored glycogen and myoglobin

26
Q

What is housed inside of the sarcoplasm?

A

Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules) and glycogen

27
Q

What are T-Tubules?

A

Extensions of the plasmalemma that pass laterally through the muscle fiber

28
Q

What are the T-Tubules function?

A

Carries action potential into muscle

29
Q

What is the longitudinal network of tubules?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

30
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum found?

A

Within the muscle fiber

31
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum function?

A

serves as a storage sight for CALCIUM

32
Q

What is contained inside muscle fibers?

A

Myofibrils

33
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

The basic functional unit of a myofibril and the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle

34
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Numerous sarcomeres joined END to END at the z-disks

35
Q

What are the 2 types of protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction in myofibrils?

A

Acting and Myosin

36
Q

What protein filament is the thinnest?

A

Actin

37
Q

What protein filament is the thickest?

A

Myosin

38
Q

How many myosin molecules are in each myosin filament?

A

About 200 myosin molecules

39
Q

What is every myosin molecule composed of?

A

Two protein strands twisted together

40
Q

What are the ends of the protein strands in a myosin molecules doing?

A

They are folded into a GLOBULAR HEAD

41
Q

What do the globular heads in myosin molecules do?

A

Protrude from the thick filament to form cross bridges that interact with active sites on the thin filaments

42
Q

What is titin?

A

Inside fine filaments and stabilizes the myosin filaments along their longitudinal axis

43
Q

What does titin do?

A

Strengthen myosin and spaces out actin

44
Q

What are the 3 protein molecules composed inside the actin filaments?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

45
Q

What is the anchoring protein for actin?

A

Nebulin

46
Q

What is the function of nebulin?

A

Mediates actin and myosin interactions

47
Q

What is the 3rd myofilament of the skeletal muscle

A

Titin

48
Q

What provides increased force when muscles are stretched?

A

Titin

49
Q

What prevents overstretching and damage to the sarcomere by resisting active stretching?

A

Titin

50
Q

What is an a-motor neuron?

A

A nerve cell that connects with and innervates many muscle fibers

51
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single a-motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it directly signals

52
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The synapse/gap between the a-motor neuron and a muscle fiber

53
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction’s function?

A

Where communication between the nervous and muscular systems occur

54
Q

What is the first step of a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

An action potential/nerve impulse starts in the brain

55
Q

What happens after an action potential starts in the brain in a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

The action potential arrives at the axon terminal and releases acetylcholine (Ach)

56
Q

What happens after Ach is released from the axon terminal in a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Ach crosses the SYNAPTIC CLEFT and binds to Ach receptors on the plasmalemma

57
Q

What happens after Ach binds to receptors on the plasmalemma?

A

The action potential travels down the plasmalemma to the T-Tubules

58
Q

What happens once the action potential reaches the T-tubules in skeletal muscle contraction?

A

It triggers CALCIUM to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

59
Q

What happens after calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium enables actin-myosin contraction

60
Q

What are the components of the muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium, plasmalemma, sarcolemma, satellite cells, sarcoplasm, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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