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Exercise Physiology > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A

through hormones

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2
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

endocrine + nervous system

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3
Q

How is the endocrine system defined?

A

all tissues or glands that secrete hormones

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4
Q

The endocrine system secretes hormones directly to where?

A

the blood

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5
Q

Where are hormones transported to?

A

to specific target cells that have specific hormone receptors

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6
Q

Where are the main hormones from the endocrine system around?

A

metabolism, electrolytes, and fluid

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7
Q

Where are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

Why are steroid hormones able to diffuse through membranes?

A

they’re lipid soluble

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9
Q

What are the four major glands that secrete steroid hormones?

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries, placenta, and testes

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10
Q

How are steroid hormones derived from cholesterol?

A

they have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol

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11
Q

Nonsteroid hormones are not?

A

lipid soluble so they cannot cross membranes

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12
Q

What two groups are nonsteroid hormones divided into?

A

protein/peptide hormones and amino-acid derived hormones

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13
Q

What type of hormone are most nonsteroid hormones?

A

protein/peptide hormones

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14
Q

Where are protein/peptide hormones from?

A

the pancreas and pituitary gland

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15
Q

What are some amino-acid derived hormones?

A

thyroid and adrenal medulla hormones

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16
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

in bursts (pulsatile)

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17
Q

What is secretion regulated by?

A

negative feedback

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18
Q

Hormone release causes what in the body?

A

changes

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19
Q

High level of downstream changes the secretion by?

A

decreasing it

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20
Q

Low level of downstream changes the secretion by?

A

increasing it

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21
Q

What is the primary mechanism through which the endocrine system maintains homeostasis?

A

negative feedback

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22
Q

What is downregulation?

A

a decrease in the number of receptors during high concentration (DESENSITIZE)

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23
Q

What is upregulation?

A

an increase in the number of receptors during high plasma concentration (SENSITIVE)

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24
Q

If there is no hormone receptor on a cell’s surface then?

A

there is no hormone effect

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25
Q

Hormones only affects what kind of tissues?

A

tissues with a specific receptor

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26
Q

What is the hormone-receptor complex?

A

when a hormone binds to a receptor

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27
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

muscle loss

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28
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors found?

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell

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29
Q

What is direct gene activation?

A

when a hormone receptor binds to DNA and activates certain genes

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30
Q

Where are nonsteroid hormone receptors found?

A

on the cell membrane

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31
Q

What are some common second messengers?

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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32
Q

What do second messengers do?

A

relay signals and intensify the strength of the signal

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33
Q

How do nonsteroid hormones form second messengers?

A

they bind to its receptor and triggers a series of reactions to form second messengers

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34
Q

What does cyclic AMP (cAMP) do?

A

controls specific physiological responses

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35
Q

What other hormones employ cAMP as a second messenger?

A

epinephrine, glucagon, and luteinizing hormone

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36
Q

What class are prostaglandins?

A

third class hormones

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37
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

they act as local hormones

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38
Q

What area do prostaglandins affect?

A

the immediate area where it’s secreted

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39
Q

What triggers prostaglandin release?

A

other hormones or a local injury

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40
Q

What do prostaglandins mediate?

A

inflammation and pain

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41
Q

In an injury, what can a prostaglandin do?

A

increase vascular permeability (swelling) and vasodilation

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42
Q

What are two important functions of the endocrine glands and their hormones?

A

to regulate metabolism during exercise and regulate body fluids and electrolytes

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43
Q

What are the major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation?

A

anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and the pancreas

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44
Q

What do the glands responsible for metabolic regulation affect?

A

the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats during exercise

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45
Q

Where does the pituitary gland come from?

A

the inferior hypothalamus

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46
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland release?

A

the growth hormone (GH)

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47
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic hormone factors

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48
Q

What is the growth hormone?

A

a potent anabolic agent

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49
Q

GH release is proportional to?

A

exercise intensity

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50
Q

The pituitary gland secretes six hormones in response to what?

A

releasing factors or inhibiting factors secreted by the hypothalamus

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51
Q

What does GH utilize

A

fats

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52
Q

What does GH promote?

A

muscle growth (hypertrophy)

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53
Q

Outside of the GH, what other hormone is released by the pituitary gland?

A

thyrotropin

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54
Q

Thyrotropin is also known as?

A

TSH (thyroid stimulation hormone)

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55
Q

What increases TSH release?

A

acute exercise

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56
Q

What does short term exercise do to T3 and T4?

A

it creates a delayed response causing T4 to increase first then T3

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57
Q

What does prolonged exercise do to T3 and T4?

A

decrease in T3 and T4

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58
Q

What makes more T3 and T4 be secreted in the thyroid gland?

A

TSH

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59
Q

What are signs of hyperthyroid?

A

low weight, arrythmia, shaky

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60
Q

What is happening with thyroid hormones if hyperthyroid is present?

A

there is an decrease in TSH causing T3 and T4 to increase

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61
Q

What is happening with thyroid hormones if hypothyroid is present?

A

there is an increase in TSH causing T3 and T4 to decrease

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62
Q

What are signs of hypothyroid?

A

weight gain and fatigue

63
Q

What releases catecholamines?

A

the adrenal medulla

64
Q

What causes the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines?

A

stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system

65
Q

What is the percentage of catecholamines that is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

66
Q

Epinephrine is also known as what?

A

adrenaline

67
Q

What does catecholamine release increase?

A

glycogenolysis, FFAs into the blood, and blood flow to working muscles

68
Q

When do plasma norepinephrine concentrations increase?

A

they increase significantly at intensities above 50% of VO2max

69
Q

When do epinephrine concentrations increase?

A

until the exercise intensity exceeds 60% to 70% VO2max

70
Q

When do blood concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase together?

A

during long-duration steady-state exercise

71
Q

What does epinephrine do after exercise ends?

A

returns to resting concentrations within a few minutes of recovery

72
Q

What does norepinephrine do after exercise ends?

A

it can stay elevated for several hours

73
Q

What releases corticosteroids?

A

the adrenal cortex

74
Q

What is a major glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

75
Q

What does cortisol increase?

A

gluconeogenesis, FFA mobilization, and protein catabolism

76
Q

Anabolic means?

A

build up

77
Q

Catabolic means?

A

break down

78
Q

What secretes insulin?

A

the pancreas

79
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

lowers blood glucose

80
Q

What does insulin counter?

A

it counter hyperglycemia

81
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

when plasmaglucose is elevated and makes you lethargic

82
Q

What does insulin oppose?

A

glucagon

83
Q

What does insulin increase?

A

glucose transport into cells and synthesis of glycogen to fat

84
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

gluconeogenesis

85
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

raises blood glucose

86
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

when plasma glucose falls below normal concentration

87
Q

What type of diabetes appears before the age of 40?

A

type 1 diabetes

88
Q

What is happening in the body for those who have type 1 diabetes?

A

their body can’t produce insulin

89
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

unknown cause but most likely a viral or environmental trigger

90
Q

What type of diabetes appears after the age of 40?

A

type 2 diabetes

91
Q

How does type 2 diabetes develop?

A

when the body produces insulin but not enough or it doesn’t work properly

92
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

family history, low activity levels, poor diet, excess body weight

93
Q

What are some causes of metabolic syndrome?

A

high triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, high BP (140/90), insulin resistance

94
Q

What is glucogenolysis?

A

when glycogen is broken down into glucose

95
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

when fats or proteins are used to create glucose

96
Q

Adequate glucose during exercise requires?

A

release by the liver and uptake by the exercising muscle

97
Q

What hormones increase circulating glucose?

A

glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol

98
Q

What hormone increases during the first 30-45 minutes of exercise?

A

cortisol

99
Q

Cortisol increases protein catabolism in the liver to do what?

A

gluconeogenesis

100
Q

The amount of glucose released from the liver depends on what?

A

muscle usage and exercise (intensity + duration)

101
Q

As exercise intensity increases what do the catecholamines do?

A

they increase

102
Q

As exercise duration increases what is happening within the body?

A

more liver glycogen is utilized, release/uptake, as glycogen stores decrease, glucagon levels increase

103
Q

Insulin enables what in the muscle?

A

glucose uptake

104
Q

FFAs are stored as what and where in the body?

A

they’re stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue and within muscle fibers

105
Q

Lipolysis is stimulated by what hormones?

A

decrease of insulin, elevation of catecholamines, cortisol, and GH

106
Q

What are the hydration hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and kidneys

107
Q

What is osmolality?

A

relationship between solutes to fluid

108
Q

What is high osmolality?

A

high solutes but low fluid in concentration

109
Q

What is low osmolality?

A

low solutes but high fluid in concentration

110
Q

What is hemoconcentration?

A

a decrease in plasma volume that causes a simultaneous increase in the concentration of red blood cells

111
Q

A high hemoconcentration means there is also what kind of osmolality?

A

high

112
Q

What is the normal value of osmolality?

A

300 mOsm/kg

113
Q

If compartment osmolality is high, then water is?

A

drawn in

114
Q

Why is water drawn in if osmolality is high?

A

because there’s not enough fluid but a lot of solute

115
Q

If compartment osmolality is low, then water is?

A

drawn out

116
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes what two hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

117
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone promote?

A

water conservation by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys

118
Q

What is the primary stimulus for antidiuretic hormone release?

A

high osmolality

119
Q

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

mineralocorticoids

120
Q

What is a major mineralocorticoid for exercise?

A

aldosterone

121
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

renal reabsorption of sodium making the body retain sodium

122
Q

When sodium is retained, what else is being retained?

A

water

123
Q

Aldosterone also promotes what to be excreted?

A

potassium

124
Q

What stimulates aldosterone release?

A

increased potassium concentrations, decreased blood volume, decreased plasma sodium

125
Q

What two hormones do the kidneys release?

A

renin and erythropoietin (EPO)

126
Q

What does renin do?

A

it is released into circulation to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1

127
Q

What is angiotensinogen?

A

protein from the liver

128
Q

What happens once angiotensinogen converts to angiotensinogen 1?

A

it converts to angiotensinogen 2

129
Q

What enzyme helps angiotensinogen 1 convert to angiotensinogen 2?

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

130
Q

What is angiotensin-converting enzyme?

A

an enzyme from the liver

131
Q

What happens after angiotensinogen 1 becomes angiotensinogen 2?

A

it goes to the adrenal cortex and triggers aldosterone to be released

132
Q

Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.

A

renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1, ACE converts angiotensinogen 1 to angiotensinogen 2, then angiotensinogen 2 goes to the adrenal cortex and triggers the release of aldosterone

133
Q

What happens after angiotensinogen 2 triggers the release of aldosterone?

A

blood vessels will vasoconstrict to increase blood pressure

134
Q

What triggers the kidneys to release renin?

A

dehydration because it causes blood pressure to decrease

135
Q

ADH and aldosterone effects persists how much longer after exercise?

A

48 hrs

136
Q

Where does erythropoietin (EPO) come from?

A

kidneys

137
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

regulates red blood cell production by stimulating bone marrow cells

138
Q

What hormones suppress hunger?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK), GLP-1, peptide YY, insulin, leptin

139
Q

What hormone increases hunger?

A

ghrelin

140
Q

Where does cholecystokinin (CCK) come from?

A

the stomach (GI tract)

141
Q

Where does GLP-1 and peptide YY come from?

A

large and small intestines

142
Q

Where does insulin come from?

A

pancreas

143
Q

Where does leptin come from?

A

fat cells

144
Q

How is ghrelin transmitted?

A

through the blood to the brain and crosses the blood-brain barrier

145
Q

What does leptin act on?

A

receptors in the hypothalamus to decrease hunger

146
Q

What is the appetite control center of the brain?

A

the hypothalamus

147
Q

Why is adipose a endocrine organ?

A

it secretes the hormone leptin

148
Q

What two hunger hormones act in opposing ways?

A

leptin and ghrelin

149
Q

What type of exercise suppresses appetite?

A

acute moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise

150
Q

What does acute moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise do to hunger hormones?

A

it decreases ghrelin and increases GLP-1 and peptide YY secretion

151
Q

Suppressed appetite only occurs with aerobic exercise, NOT?

A

resistance exercise

152
Q

What are the effects of chronic exercise on satiety hormones?

A

calorie deficit, increased hunger, increase in peptide YY = satiety

153
Q

What hormone is secreted during a person’s adaptation to training in altitude?

A

Erythrocytes

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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