CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
__________ mathematician, named ________, documented static electricity through rubbing _______ with a piece of wool or fur. DATE: __________
Greek, Thales, amber, 600 B.C.E
________ scientist ______________ coined the term electricity from Latin ________ which means “ produce from ___ friction, and ____ word, _______ which means “beaming sun” DATE: _______
English, William Gilbert, electricus, amber, Greek, elector , 1600
German experimenter, ___________ built the first electric generating machine. Date: ______
Otto von Guericke, 1660
German inventor ______________ and ______ physicist ______________ invented an electrical storage device, a ___ coated inside and outside. Date: ______
Ewald Georg von Kleist, Dutch physicist, Peter van Musschenbroek, jar, 1746
American inventor and ______ , ________ suggested two types of ________ forces. The _______ and _______. Date: ________
statesman, Benjamin Franklin, electric, attractive, repulsive. 1747
This year was when Benjamin Franklin conducted his _______ experiment, to prove that ____________.
1752, kite, lightning and electricity are the same thing.
_______ anatomy professor ___________ observed that a discharged ________________ made a dead frogs _______ twitch, which the leg serves as an ___________ and the muscles as _______ and __________. Date: _____________
Italian, Luigi Galvani, static electricity, leg, electrolyte, circuit, indicator, 1786
______ physicist _________ discovered that the _________ surrounds a _____ carrying wire. Date: _________
Danish, H.C. Oersted, magnetic field, current, 1820
______________ observed that a coil of wire act as a _______ where there is an __________. Date: ________
Andrea Marie Ampere, magnet, electrical current, 1822
In 1822, ________ invented _________.
D.F. Arago, electromagnet
In _________, _________ demonstrated an electromagnetic device that can lift over a ______ pounds
1822, Joseph Henry
________ built voltaic pile/ electric cell or ________ in 1786.
Alessandro Volta, battery, 1786
___________ developed a crude electric motor. Date: ___________
Michael Faraday, 1831
_____ and ______ invented an ___________ that power the motor. Date: ______
Faraday, Henry, electric generator, 1831
_________ used an electromagnetic __________ and a code of electrical impulses, and conceived an idea of sending coded messages called _________ on ________.
Samuel Morse, telegraph, Morse Code, 1831
______________ , first person to measure the amount of electricity and magnetism on ___________.
Charles de Coulomb, 1831
______________, ________________, ___________ developed mathematical relationships concerning electrical ____________ , on _________.
J.P. Joule, G.R. Kirchoff, J.C. Maxwell, circuiting, 1831
__________ formulated a law between volts, amps and resistance.
G.S. Ohm
_________, the ideal use of electricity was electric lighting
Late 1800s
Invention of arc light for streets
1860
Development of _____________ lamp by _________ and ___________ was on 1879.
Thomas Edison, Joseph Swan
Small electric stations spread in U.S. cities.
End of 1880
In end of 1880, ________ can sustain only for a few city blocks.
Power Station
___________ design is the basis in distribution of electricity on _______-.
Edison’s, end of 1880
In the end of 1880, _____ system could not be economically transmitted over long distance.
DC
________________ a former Edison Electric Company demonstrated streetlights and lamps in ___________ and New York City on __________.
General Electric, London, 1882
In _______ , ________ experimented on generators.
1883, Nikola Tesla
First transformer was announced by __________ and ___________.
L. Caulard, J.D Gibbs
On _______, _______ bought Tesla’s alternating current system.
1885, George Westinghouse
When was the beginning if large scale electric power distribution, example, ___________, ___________.
1885, Turbines, powerplants
When was the commercialization of electric power
1885
When was the operation of first alternating power station that is limited to _______.
1886, lighting
When was the alternating current ________ introduced and became commonly used in buildings.
1888, motor
When did U.S. large cities had electricity, 10% in rural areas had electricity.
1930
Rural areas have electricity because of ________________, which stablished hundreds of electric cooperatives. Date: ________
Rural Electric Administration, 1935
When did California legislated to deregulate electric power business in states and established a competitive market.
1944
Power failure in northeast United Stated and Canada
1965, 1977, and 2003
When was the bankruptcy of state utilities and Californians suffered from _______________ and blackouts.
2001, electric shortage
building blocks of the universe, fundamental materials that make up mattter and examples
Chemical elements ( Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon)
smallest unit of element
Atoms
this states that opposite attracts
Law of Charges
What occupies the nucleus
Protons and neutrons
Electrons whirl in a ___________ orbit around an atoms nucleus.
high - velocity
When in balanced orbit, electrons move in a spherical path called ___________.
Orbital Shells
The outermost orbital shell is
Orbital shell
In classical theory, electrical current is _________________.
Electron flow
What makes up the electric current flow?
free electrons
True or False : ___________ is tied to smaller subatomic particles that possess either a positive or negative electromagnetic charge.
Electricity ; True
Only the ______________ those with electromagnetic charge, are associated with electricity.
subatomic charged particles.
Electromagnetic force between 2 charged particles is lesser than the gravitational force between the two.
False
The flow of charged subatomic particles caused by these repelling and attracfing forces is equal to
the flow of electricity
It is a continouos path along which an electric current can flow.
Electrical Circuit
Electrical Circuit is composed of
Power source, load,set of conductors, electrical component and optional devices
An uninterrupted path that allows a continuous flow of current through an electrical circuit
Closed circuit
Path of current flow is interrupted that prevents flow of current through an electrical circuit
Open Circuit
An inadvertent shortcut develops in a circuit that permits current flow through unintentional path
Short Circuit
Requires fewer connections, if one lamp fails, the circuit becomes open and all lamps go out
Series Circuit
If one lamp fails, the ciruit remains closed and all other lamps remain in lit.
Parallel Circuit
German physicist who established two laws known today as Kirchhoff’s LawS.
Gustav Kirchhoff
Define Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The sum of the potential differences ( voltages) in a complete circuit must be zero.
Define Kirchhoff’s Current Law
When a charge enters a junction, it has no place to go except to leave.
Six lamps are wired in a circuit. Each lamp draws 0.75 A and has a resistance of 110 Ohms. Neglecting the effects of the wiring, determine the:
A. Total amperage in a series circuit
B. Total resistance in a series circuit
A. 0.75 A
B. 660 Ohms
Six lamps are wired in a circuit. Each lamp draws a 0.75 A and has a resistance of 110 Ohms. Neglecting the effects of the wiring, determine the following:
A. Total amperage in a parallel circuit
B. Total resistance in a parallel circuit
A. 4.5 A
B. 18.33 Ohms
A force of attraction between ______________ metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt; and a force of repulsion between _________ materials such as antimony and bismuth is ____________.
ferromagnetic, diamagnetic, magnetism
He made the first actual magnet and he is also known as the father of magnetism.
William Gilbert
Only the subatomic _______ particles, those with _____________ _________ are associated with electricity.
charged, electromagnetic charge
____________ is tied to a smaller subatomic particles that possesses either a positive or negatve ___________ charge.
Electricity, electromagnetic
It is the rate of flow of negatice charges of the conductot
Electrical Current
It is the movement of subatomic particles ( electrons or charged particles) that is attritutable to the existence of a charge.
Electricity
Actual movement of a single subatomic particle averages about _______ per second.
1/2 inch
The chain reaction effect of ________ occurs very rapidly about __________.
current flow, 300,000,000 m/s
In ________ theory, the electrons of metal atoms, _________ freely from atom to atom across the entire metal body.
classical, migrate
In ______ theory, the electrons of ______ atoms migrate freely from one atom to another across the whole metal body.
classical, metal
It carries an electrical current without providing too much resistance to current flow.
conductor
In modern theory , it is __________________ that move freely through the conductor.
charged particles
What is the best natural conductor of electricity
Silver
Recite the table of electrical resistivity for common materials
Silver 105
Copper 100
Gold 70
Aluminum 61
Material in which electrons does not flow easily.
insulator
In insulators, under the influence of _____________ , very little electric current will flow through it.
electric field
Materials that are neither good conductors nor good insulators
Semiconductor
Two most common materials used in the production of electronic components.
Silicon and Germanium
It can be positive or negative: experiences a force in an electric field.
Electric charge
Enumerate 6 primary ways that current can be forced to move through a conductor
- Static Electricity from friction
- Thermoelectricity
- Piezoelectricity
- Electrochemistry
- Photoelectricty
- Magnetoelectricity
Rubbing two objects together produces
static electricity
What is produced by friction that produces an imbalance of electrons by transferring from one object to another.
heat energy
It is an electricity from heat.
Thermoelectricity
It is created when two joined dissimilar metals are heated.
Thermoelectric charge
Consists of two dissimilar wired, joined together at one end.
Thermocouple
electricity from pressure
Piezoelectricity
A certain _____________ substances produce a piezoelectric charge when a force ________ or ________ the substance.
crystalline, deforms or strains.
Electricity from chemical reaction.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
What type of reaction produces opposite electrical charges in two dissimilar metals placed in a certain chemical solution.
galvanic reaction
electricty from light
Photoelectricity
electricty from magnetism
MAGNETOELECTRICITY
This type of electricity are forces of a magnetic field that can drive electron flow.
Magnetoelectricty
The forces of the field causes free electrons to move in one direction across the conductor when a good conductor does not moves through a magnetic field. ( T or F)
F, does
in magnetoelectricity, reversed direction of conductor movement -
reversed direction of electron flow
Enumerate and Visualize the 8 faces of basta yun na yun
Hans Christian Oersted
James Clerk Maxwell
George Simon Ohm
Andre Marie Ampere
Michael Faraday
Charles Augustin de Coulomb
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
James Prescott Joule
The driving force behind current flow, from result of different charges creating an _______________ which moves the current in one direction.
Voltage (E), electrical pressure
The measurement in the rate of current flowing in a closed electrical system
Amperage ( I )
The ability of a conductor to resist current flow, where the unit is in ohm.
Resistance
A formula used to calculate the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in an electrical circuit.
Ohm’s Law
The rate at which work is accomplished, it is work or ________ released divided by time. The electrical unit of this is watt.
Power, energy
1 horse power is equivalent to
1 watt is equal to
1megawatt is equal to
746 watts
3.413 Btu/hr
1 000 000 W
Watts is like the flow rate of water
basta mao nana hahahahahhah
On a direct ciruit, _________ and __________ are related to wattage through the DC power equation, also known as the _______ Law.
voltage, amperage, Joule’s Law
This is caused by moving electrical charges called electrons.
Electricity
The energy consumption value is determined when the power used by an appliance is multiplied to the amount of time that the unit operates. ( E = PT) or E = Voltage * Amperage * Time
FUN FACT
It is a continuous PATH along which an electric current can flow. It is composed of ______________, load, set of ___________, electrical component and optional device.
Circuit, power source, conductors
So, hehe, how do magnets work?, pugaa na imong brain gurl
There are two poles in a magent, the North and the South poles. When poles meet, contratry poles will attract, while like ones will repel.
OKKKAYY enumerate the types of magnetism
- Ferrimagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Anti- ferrogamagnetism
- Paramagnetism
- Diamagnetism
Is a type of permanent magnetism, tha occurs in solids in which the magnetic fields associated with individual atoms spontaneously align themeselves , some parallel, or in the same direction, and others generally anti parallel.
Ferrimagnetism
When magnetic moments are paired in the same direction, it is called ferromagnetism. On other hand, magnetism is termed ferrimagnetism because magnetic moments are aligned in unequal numbers in parallel and antiparallel directions, resulting in a net moment
Just a fact.
It is a kind of magnetism characteristic of materials WEAKLY ATTRACTED to STRONG MAGNET, named and extensively investigated by the British Scientist ____________ in beginning of 1845.
Paramagnetism, Michael Faraday
It is a physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others.
ferromagnetism
In this kind of magnetism,the magnetic moments of neighbouring electrons point in opposite direction.
Anti-ferromagnetism
is a kind of magnetism characteristic of materials that line up at RIGHT ANGLES, to a NON UNIFORM magnetic field and that partly expel from their interior the magnetic field in which they are placed.
Diamagnetism
It is the flow of current through a conductor.
Electricity
__________ must be forced to flow in a conductor by a presence of a _____________
Current, charge
Who discovered electricity?
Benjamin Franklin
Who made the first electric cell
Alessandro Volta
What is the relationship betweem ELECTRICTY and MAGNETISM?
The force of a magnetic field can produce an electrical current. Flow of electrons or electric current, on the other hand, produced a magnetic field.
An English physicist and chemist whose experiments contributed to electromagnetism
Michael Faraday
Enumerate some of Faradays contribution
- Electric motor
- Discovery of Benzene
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Generator
- Electrolysis
- Electromagnetism
It is the interaction betweem magnetism and elecricity.
Electromagnetism
When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field or a magnetic field is moved across a fixed conductor, a voltage is produced in the _____________.
conductor
This causes current to flow through the conductor.
voltage
Moving the conductor in one directioin across the magnetic field causes current to flow in _______ direction. Reversing direction of conductor movement reverses direction of ____________.
one, current flow.
As Ampere suggested, ____________ is formed whenever an electrical charge is in motion.
magnetic field
When the conductor no longer move through a magnetic field, current flow stops.
TRUENS
When a constant __________ is applied in a closed circuit, the ________ forces current to move in one direction through the conductor.
voltage
The MAGNETIC FIELD in space around an electric currrent is proportional to the ELECTRIC CURRENT which serves as its source, just as the ELECTRIC FIELD in space is proportional to the CHARGE which serves as its source.
Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law statest that an accelerating charged particle produces an _______________________. These are electric and magnetic fields traveling through empty space with the speed of light c. A charged particle oscillating about an ___________ position is an accelerating charged particle. _____________ transport energy through __________. This energy can be delivered to ____________ a large distance away from the source.
electromagnetic wave , equilibrium. Electromagnetic waves, space, charged particles
This is the rate of charge low past a given point in an electric circuit. The charge can be negatively charged electrons or positive charge carriers protons, positive ions or _________.
Electric current, holes
Two types of electrical current
DC - Direct Current
AC - Alternating Current
It is a current flow in one direction in an electrical circuit. It is always from the negative to the positive terminals of the power source, such as battery.
Direct Current (DC)
When a direct-current circuit is closed, the voltage in the circuit climbs rapidly to a _________ voltage.
constant
This is a continuous reversal of the direction of current flow such that at one time current flow is on one direction and another time, it is in the reverse direction.
Alternating current
In an AC circuit, the direction of current flow reveres as the ________ of the power source in the circuit reverses.
polarity
_________________ is used in most electronic distributions for the main reason that it can be transformed from one voltage to another.
Alternating Current
He is a Siberian American engineer and physicist and invented the first AC motor and developed AC generation and transmission technology.
Nikola Tesla
This is a representation of how AC varies with time. The ___________ is the most common type of AC.
Waveforms, sine wave ( LOOK AT THE GRAMMAR NALANG, THEN ADJUST THE S or NO S)
In a SINE WAVE, as the coil rotates, the voltage decreases according to the sine of the _______ until the conductor is ________ to the magnetic field. Further rotation then ________ the voltage until once again it is at maximum but in the _______ direction.
angle, parallel, increases, direction
These are typically generated by metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect TRANSISTOR ( MOSFET) devices due to their “rapid on-off electronic switching behaviour”, in contrast to _______ TRANSISTORS which slowly generate signals more closely resembling ____ waves rather than square waves.
square waves, BJT, sine
This wave is generated by alternatively charging and discharging a capacitor with a constant current. This is achieved by connecting ______________ at the output of the wave generator. This waves are also useful for testing linear electronics like ________.
Triangle Wave, integrator circuit, amplifiers.
This refers to a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. A basic system typically has two conductors: one is the _____ and the other carries ______ ( the ______ or _______ conductor.)
Single-phase alternating current distribution system, neutral, current, hot, live
This consists of three separate lines of single phase power with each line out of phase by ( _______ degrees) ( ____ of a cycle.) This circuit typically have three ______ carrying ( hot or live ) conductors plus one grounded ( ______) conductor.
Three-phase alternatng current distribution system, 120, 1/3, current, neutral
This use alternatong current electric power in which the voltage and the current flow changes in _______ and direction in a _______ fashion, typically ____ times per second, In the U.S., this voltage is ______, while several countries use _____ volts as the standard. A variation of this phase, called ____________________.
single-phase systems, magnitude, cyclical, 60, 120 volts, 230 volts, split phase system
In a split phase system, there are two voltage sources, ______ degrees phase shifted from each other, which power two ___________ loads.
180, series-connected
In this system, the power circuit combines three ________ currents that vary in phase by _______ degrees. As a result, the power would never drop to zero, making it possible to carry more loads. In a typical _______ volts arrangement, this is equivalent to three ______ volts single phase power circuit and one _____ volt power circuit. This is more effecient. This power supply can transmit three times as much power as a single-phase power supply, while only needing one additional wire.
three-phase systems, alternating, 120, 120, 120, 208
In this circuit, the strength of the _____ and the ______ of the power source are always alternating, so rate and direction of current flow are always changing. ________ in rate of current flow causes the magnetic field surrounding the __________ to expand and collapse.
AC circuit, voltage, polarity, Fluctuation, energized
If a second stationary ________ is positioned within a ____________ magnetic field, the force of the induces a voltage across the second conductor. This voltage drives current flow in the ______________. This phenomenon is called the ________________________.
conductor, fluctuating, second conductor, electromagnetic induction
This is an electrical device that transfers an alternating current and voltage from one circuit to another using induction phenomenon.
transformer
Transformer is used in a circuit to change __________, ______ and other characteristics. It serves as an efficient way of converting power at a ___________ and ________.
voltage, current, primary voltage , amperage
In a simple transformer composed of ______ coils, the ratio of _____ output voltage to the ______ input voltage is approximately equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the ________ coil to the number of turns in the _________ coil.
two, AC, AC secondary, primary
A primary voltage can be stepped up to a higher secondary voltage or stepped down to a lower secondary voltage based on the ratio of the number of _________.
windings
This is a component in an electrical circuit which stores energy in its magnetic field. They ________ changes in current.
inductor, resist
When current increases, an inductor stops it with an ___________ force.
opposing
When current decreases, an inductor stops it by pushing electrons _________.
out
What do inductor looks like?
Basically, justt some copper wire wrapped around a cyclinder or a ring.
Where do we use inductors?
-Motors
- Transformers
- Light fixture ballasts
This is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electrical current flowing through it. The unit this in the SI system is in ________ ( H), named after the American scientist _______________.
Inductance, Henry, Joseph Henry
These store electrical energy in an electrostatic field and release it later.
Capacitors
It is composed of metal plates separated by air or dielectric material such as paper, ceramic, or mica.
capacitors
It is used to block direct current while allowing alternating current to pass.
Capacitor
It is the ability of a component or a circuit to collect and store energy in the form of electrical charge.
capacitance
Capacitance value of a capacitor is measured in ______________.
Farads
The ____________ on a series AC circuit causes the phase of the current to lag behind the phase of the voltage- that is, peak amperage lags peak voltage.
inductive effect
The _________ on a series AC circuit causes the phase of the current to lead the phase of the voltage - that is, peak voltage lags peak current
capacitive effect
_______________ is a measure of resistance to the current flow on an AC circuit due to combined effect of resistance, inductance and capacitance. Measure in __________.
impedance, ohms
This is a unit less number from 0 to 1 and can be expressed in percentage. Unlike on a DC circuit, the product of voltage and current is not equal to _________. It is caused by the __________ and _________ effects present on an AC circuit impeding the current or voltage flow. ____________ measures how effectively the total power being delivered is being used.
Power factor, wattage, capacitive, inductive, Power Factor
On an AC circuit, this is the ratio of working power ( true power) measured in kilowatts and apparant power , measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA).
Power Factor
____________ also known as demand, is the measure of the amount of power used to run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is the simple product of ______ and _____. Therefore, it is expressed in volt amperes.
Apparent power, voltage, current
In the beer analogy, the beer is the __________, it refers to the energy that is doing work and it is the useful part we want.
true power ( kW)
In the beer analogy, the beer is the __________, it refers to the energy that is doing work and it is the useful part we want.
true power ( kW)
In the beer analogy, the foam is the ___________ , the foam is _______ power. On an AC circuit, this is the power that generates the ____________ required for inductive devices to operate. It dissipates no energy in the load but which returns to the source on each alternating current cycle.
reactive power, wasted, magnetic field
On the beer analogy, the mug is the ____________, or the power being delivered by the utility.
apparent power
When an AC circuit is purely _________, it draws ____________ exactly synchronized and proportional to Voltage. Voltage and current peaks occur ____________ in a ________ direction and no _________ effect.
resistive, current ( amperage), simultaneously, positive, lagging
A lower PF means more of the supplied energy will be transfered into useable work by the electrical system.
FALSE, higher
A low PF means the current flowing through electrical system compounds is _________ than necessary to the required work or _________ use of power.
higher, inefficient
When current is shifted out of phase with voltage or they are out of sync, ________ and the _________ will not equal (VI>W).
real power, apparent
In large industries, they rarely achieve a PF of 1.0. The lagging caused by _______________ from motors and transformers resulted to poorer power factor.
inductive loads
Power factor can be improved by placing large banks of ______________. A ________ has the effect of causing the phase of the voltage to _____ the phase of the current and thus reduces the ______ effect caused by the inductance loads. And so, _________ or _______ are frequently used to counter the effect of __________ motors and transformers in industrial applications.
capacitors, capacitor, lag, lagging, a capacitor synchronous motors, inductive
A high PF increases load currents, resulting in a considerable saving in hardware costs.
FALSE, reduces
A high PF avoid penalties from power companies.
TRUE
A high PF is a good value for money and enables power companies to supply other consumers without increasing the generation capacity.
TRUE
The cost of electrical energy consumed by users during billing period as measured by the electric meter.
Energy charge
A device that is used to measure the energy consumed by a building or establishment.
Electric meter ( energy meter)
The product of total energy consumed (kWh) and rate for energy ( P/kWh)
Energy charge formula
Energy consumption formula ( q)
q = Pt
p = power (kW) , t = time of usage (hr)
A fee that is paid for electrical operations and services
Servive charge
