Chapter 1

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The underlying causes within the person of individualindividuel behavior and experience

the set of traits and patterns of thought, behavior, and feelings that make you you.

Question 2

Personality description

Answer 2

The ways in which we should characterize an individual

Question 3

Personality dynamics

Answer 3

The motivational aspects of personality

Question 4

Personality development

Answer 4

Formation or change over time

Question 5

Individual differences

Answer 5

Identifying the ways individuald differ from one another

Question 6

Types

Answer 6

• Categories of people with similar characteristics
• A person belongs to one and only one category.

Question 7

Traits

Answer 7

• A characteristic that varies from one person to another and that causes a person’s more or less consistent behavior
• Describes a barrower scope of behavior

Question 8

Factors

Answer 8

Differ from most traits by being broader

Question 9

William Sheldon and his typology of personality

Answer 9

• Based on body types
• Endomorph- heavy and easy-going
• Mesomorph- muscular and aggressive
• Ectomorph- Thin and intellectual or artistic

Question 10

What did Gordon Allport do?

Answer 10

Investigated the ways in which traits combine to form normal personalities, cataloguing over 18000 seperate traits over a period of 30 years

Question 11

Factor analysis

Answer 11

Grouping traits into clusters

Question 12

What did Raymond B Catell do?

Answer 12

He reduced Allport’s extensive list of traits to 16 fundamental groups of interrelated characteristics

Question 13

What claimed Eysenck?

Answer 13

That personality could be described on 3 fundamental factors:
* Psychoticism
* introversion-extroversion
* emotionality-stability

Question 14

Nomothetic

Answer 14

• Comparisons with other groups of individuals.
• Comparing various people’s scores on a test
• Taking a personality test and seeing if you scored higher or lower than most people

Question 15

Idiographic

Answer 15

• Studies individuals one at a time
• Intensive case study of a singe individual
• A clinical report about an unusual psychiatric patient.

Question 16

Personality dynamics

Answer 16

What is the motivation

Question 17

What does personality dynamics include?

Answer 17

• Adaptation and adjustment
• Cognitive processes
• Culture

Question 18

Adaptation and adjustment

Answer 18

An individual’s way of coping with the world, of adjusting to demands and opportunities in the environment

Ex:
* How do people adapt to life’s demands
* How does a mentally healthy person act?

Question 19

Cognitive processes

Answer 19

What role does thinking play

Ex:
* Do our thoughts affect our pesonality?
* What kinds of thoughts are important for personality?

Question 20

Culture

Answer 20

Historically, personality theories focused on the individual, leaving culture and society in the background.

Ex:
* How does culture influence our functioning?
* Does culture affect us by its expectations for men and woman? For different classes?

Question 21

Biological influences

Answer 21

Could it be that personality is genetically determined?

Question 22

Temperament

Answer 22

Consistent styles of behavior and emotional reactions that are present from infancy onward, presumably due to biological influences

Question 23

The scientific method

Answer 23

Method of knowing based on systematic observation

Question 24

Determinism

Answer 24

People’s behavior is entirely determined by their heredity and environment

Question 25

Theory

Answer 25

A conceptual tool for understanding certain specific phenomena

Question 26

Theoretical constructs

Answer 26

The concepts of a theory

Question 27

Operational definitions

Answer 27

Statements, identifying that observable phenomena are evidence of a particular trait

Question 28

Theoretical propositions

Answer 28

Tells how the constructs are related

Question 29

What is the criteria of a good theory?

Answer 29

* **Verifiability=** It can predict correctly or incorrectly * **Comprehensiveness**= It applies to a variety of phenomena/ It explains a broad range of behaviors * **Applied value**= it offers practical strategies for improving human life/ Applied research vs. Basic research *** Parsimony and heuristic value**= A small number of constructs to explain phenomena

Question 30

What is the relationship between a theory and research?

Answer 30

A theory leads to research and research leads to a theory

Question 31

Verifiability

Answer 31

Testable through empirical methods

Question 32

Comprehensiveness

Answer 32

* It explains a broad range of behavior * It applies to a variety of phenomena

Question 33

Applied value

Answer 33

* Offering practical strategies for improving human life * Applied research= conducted to solve practical problems VS * Basic research= conducted for the purpose of advancing theory and scientific knowledge

Question 34

Parsimony and heuristic value

Answer 34

Parsimony theory= one that does not propose an excessive number of narrow constructs or propositions if a smaller number of broad constructs could explain the phenomena under consideration. Heuristic value= The ability of a theory to suggest new ideas for further theory and research

Question 35

Reliability

Answer 35

Repeatability, as when a measurement is repeated at another time or by another observer, with similar results

Question 36

What are methods of reliability?

Answer 36

* Test-retest= Testing on two different points * Alternate forms reliability= Giving different versions of the questionnaire * Split-half reliability= Giving two halves of the questionnaire

Question 37

Validity

Answer 37

The test realy measures what it should measure

Question 38

Measurement techniques

Answer 38

* Direct self-report; multiple choice, questionnaires or inventories * Indirect methods; open-ended, * Behavioral measures; Helps develop an understanding of personality in its real-world context

Question 39

Correlational research

Answer 39

Research method that examines the relationships among measures

Question 40

Experimental research

Answer 40

research strategy that manipulates a cause to determine its effect

Question 41

Case studies

Answer 41

An intensive investigation of a singe individual.

Question 42

Psychobiography

Answer 42

The application of a personality theory to the study of an individuals life

Question 43

Eclectic

Answer 43

Combines ideas from a variety of theories EX: * Accepting symbolic interpretation of dreams and also effect of reinforcement on behavior. Psychoanalytic and learning

Question 44

Paradigm

Answer 44

A basic theoretical model, shared by various theorists and researchers