Chapter 1

Question 1

Sex vs. gender

Answer 1

Sex: A person’s ‘biological’
maleness, femaleness,
intersexuality, . . . (From the
Latin Sexus, Secare: to divide
or cut.)
 Physical characteristics that
are gonadal, chromosomal,
& hormonal.
 Often seen as “differences”
Gender: Nonphysiological
aspects of being female, male,
intersexual, . . . (From the Latin
Genus: kind, sort, or category.)
 The behavioural, cultural, and
psychological traits typically
associated with a sex.
 Social and cultural
expectations for femininity,
masculinity, androgyny, . . .
 Associated with roles one
learns to do which are not
innate to the organism

Question 2

Affects of medical advances on sex/gender

Answer 2

ie. invention of birth control has allowed us to separate sex and reproduction. sex is no longer just for procreation. gender binary is also become a new idea

Question 3

Kinseys definition of sex

Answer 3

behaviour that leads to orgasm. Many issues with this ie. no orgasm, oral sex with orgasm, only 1/4 have orgasm from sex

Question 4

definition of sexual behaviour

Answer 4

defined broadly as behaviour that produces or that is intended to produce arousal

Question 5

Religion and sexuality

Answer 5

Religion ethics and values have a powerful influence on the attitudes and behaviours of others
each religion has unique views
religion and rumour up until 100 years ago is where people got information about sexuality

Question 6

ancient greeks and religion

Answer 6

acknowledged both heterosexuality and homosexuality
double creatures myth

Question 7

Christians and religion

Answer 7

wet dreams resulted from intercourse with spiritual creatures called incubi and succubi
women were tried as witches due to wet dreams

Question 8

Muslims and religion

Answer 8

sexual intercourse is one of the finest pleasures of life, reflecting the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. sexuality primarily as a source of pleasure and only secondary a means of reproduction, but how the Quran is carried out varies

Question 9

First gay anglican priest

Answer 9

sexuality was not really talked about and probably viewed as unpleasant
his sexuality went underground when he began studying for the priesthood
feels his career (such as promotions) were denied because they assumed his sexuality, but never directly asked
stay committed to his religion but had sex with males secretly leading to an addiction to alcohol
he now promotes the rights of sexual minorities in the church
almost passed a bill for same-sex marriages

Question 10

science and sexuality

Answer 10

a scientific study of sex began in the 19th century but religion still affected it
biological aspects had been laid out by Leeuwenhoek who found sperm swimming in human sperm
Hertwig observed fertilization of sperm in sea urchins, ovum in humans was not directly observed until 20th century
cultural context is important

Question 11

cultural context in the victorian era

Answer 11

rigid and oppressive. husbands with mistresses and molestation of boys
stereotype that women felt no sexual desire but research found 80 percent of women did

Question 12

Havelock Ellis

Answer 12

important early contribution to sex research
compiled vast collection of information on sexuality, was objective and tolerant for his time
women like men are sexual creatures
sexual variations from the norm were harmless to him

Question 13

Krafft-Ebing

Answer 13

pathological sexuality or perversions
neither objective or tolerant
created concepts of sadism, masochism, and pedophilia

Question 14

Hirschfeld

Answer 14

founded first sex research institute and first large-scale sex survey but most info was destroyed by the Nazis
his special interest was homosexuality

Question 15

1990s

Answer 15

saw a significant increase in research on sexuality in close relationships

Question 16

timelines

Answer 16

review on phone

Question 17

ethnocentrism

Answer 17

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
Canadian ethnocentrism is more permissive

Question 18

major generalizations from cross-culture studies

Answer 18

all societies regulate sexual behaviour in some way
ie. incest taboos and rape

Question 19

Indigenous peoples and sexuality

Answer 19

before colonization:
egalitarian and sexually permissive by European standards, women were encouraged to take the initiative and pre- and extramarital sex was accepted, adults and elders both open to teaching sexuality
two spirited and homosexuals were both respected and accepted
sex is a magical spiritual gift to bring humans pleasure that requires bidirectional respect
after colonization: noble savages are both exotic and erotic, men were nearly naked and muscular but also tender and vulnerable, women have been stereotyped as princesses or squaws (ugly, there to serve others)
influenced by the Judeo-Christian tradition (residential schools) = negative health incomes, STIs, unwanted pregnancy, low birth rate babies, and sexual violence, limited access to health care
sexual behaviour is influenced by the elders of the community

Question 20

Immigrants within Canada

Answer 20

in 2016 24% Canadians were not born here
influenced by both the country of origin and Canada
east asians less likely to report sexual behaviour
mainstream US youth engage in more risky sex
people of Chinese decent are the fastest-growing ethnic groups in north america = sex is unhealthy and shameful
greater time since immigration the greater the similarity between groups
less experience in the African group

Question 21

racial microaggressions

Answer 21

old fashioned overt racism is now rare
subtle formed of prejudiced attitudes and behaviours has replaced this as racial microaggressions - can be done unconsciously, a source of stress
ie. i cant be racist i have black friends or other ethnicities have lower IQ

Question 22

two reasons for cross-cultural studies

Answer 22

1- the notion of the enormous variation that exists in human sexual behaviour and put our own standards in perspective
2- impressive evidence concerning the importance of culture and learning in the shaping of our sexual behaviour and that it is not completely biologically determined
ie all Mandian women have orgasms but not Beag

Question 23

Variations in culture

Answer 23

• kissing (variation in techniques and frequency) 100% present in middle eastern cultures
• same with intercourse with lowest being the irish while mangaians and santals of Asia might have sex several times a night/day
  our rates in Canada are in the middle of these highs and lows

Question 24

cunnilingus

Answer 24

mouth stimulation of genitals is fairly common
inflicting pain is often common in certain cultures ie. apinaye women bite off eyebrows

Question 25

very few societies encourage sex

Answer 25

most forbid sex at certain times or certain situations ie. postpartum sex

Question 26

Masturbation

Answer 26

sexual self-stimulation of genitals vary widely across cultures
some tolerate and some encourage it, others condemn it at any age

Question 27

Premarital and Extramarital sex

Answer 27

Marquesans have sex with 30-40 year old adults and have many sex partners, marriage comes later
Siwans remove clitorus at age 7 and marriage is early, cheating brings shame to family
90 of pacific island permit, 88 of African and 82 of eurasian societies
73 mediterranean prohibit
extramarital sex ranks second only to incest as most strictly prohibited type of sexual contact 74 percent of cultures
even when it is permitted there are restrictions on it ie. only the husband can do it

Question 28

sex with same-sex partners

Answer 28

some cultures accept some dont, some only allow children to do such
people in netherlands and sweden are most positive attitudes on homosexuality
negative attitudes in Bulgaria, russia, especially croatia, poland, Ukraine, Romania and portugal

Question 29

two general rules for homosexuality

Answer 29

1- no matter the attitudes same-sex behaviour occurs in at least some individuals, it is found universally
2- it is never the predominant form of sexual behaviour
gay indentity is using others as part of ones identity but some cultures dont use this as a self defined identity

Question 30

Standards of attractiveness

Answer 30

facial attractiveness and general attractiveness is consistent across cultures
but certain parts of the body is judged differently in cultures
ie. chinese men with flat mouths that lined up with rest of face is more attractive

Question 31

survey on differences across provinces

Answer 31

no consistent differences from one province to another other than francophones with more liberal views
anglophones and allophones
francophone Quebecors have less sex guilt than anglo-canadians
higher percent of common law relationships in quebec

Question 32

Canadians vs US

Answer 32

Canadians are more liberal and permissive
ie. birth control and pornography
lower rates of adolescent pregnancy and STIs

Question 33

cross-species perspectives on sexuality

Answer 33

all display sexual behaviour
termed natural or unnatural behaviours due to this comparison

Question 34

Masturbation

Answer 34

animals can have orgasms
pigs have longest orgasms 15 mins
particularly found in primates and cetacea (dolphins) both in captive environments and the wild
apes can perform mouth-genital sex on themselves
female porcupine uses a stick bouncing off the ground between her legs
bottlenose dolphins wrap a live eel around their penis

Question 35

same-sex behaviour

Answer 35

observations of other species indicate our basic mammalian heritage is bisexual
anal intercourse has been observed in male primates, other species will mount males

Question 36

how are humans unique

Answer 36

environmental influences are more important in primates and especially humans
learning also affects it in certain species
ie. rats can be trained to prefer lemon or almond extract-smelling mates
if mice are reared in isolation, they have normal sexual behaviours, for rhesus monkeys their behave becomes severely disturbed and may even become incapable of reproducing therefore learning is necessary for more complex species
ie. in females lower order species have sex only when in heat (estrus) with a particular hormonal state peaking but female humans can have sex at any point during her cycle therefore not under same hormonal control as lower order, and may gain their pleasure from orgasms rather than hormones
increased heart rate and uterine contractions are same in humans and rhesus monkeys

Question 37

nonsexual uses of sexual behaviour

Answer 37

male baboons mount the other in a sex position after a fighting victory
monkeys sometimes masturbate a friend to pacify them if they get upset or aggressive
phallic aggression in squirrel monkeys
dogs mount as well
bonobos engage in sex for peacemaking such as aggression over food
ie. in humans rapists use aggression over their victims or exhibitionists or someone have sex with another because of their power/status