Chapter 1

Question 1

Abnormal Behavior

Answer 1

A psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Question 2

Behavior Therapy

Answer 2

Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

Question 3

Behavioral Model

Answer 3

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 5

Castration Anxiety

Answer 5

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

Question 6

Catharsis

Answer 6

Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 7

Classical Reconditioning

Answer 7

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

Question 8

Clinical Description

Answer 8

Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

Question 9

Collective Unconscious

Answer 9

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

Question 10

Course

Answer 10

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

Question 11

Defense Mechanism

Answer 11

Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

Question 12

Dream Analysis

Answer 12

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Question 13

Ego

Answer 13

In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.

Question 14

Ego Psychology

Answer 14

Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

Question 15

Etiology

Answer 15

Cause or source of a disorder.

Question 16

Exorcism

Answer 16

Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

Question 18

Free Association

Answer 18

Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

Question 19

id

Answer 19

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic drives.

Question 20

Incidence

Answer 20

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence).

Question 21

Intrapsychic

Answer 21

In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.

Question 22

Conflicts Introspection

Answer 22

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Question 23

Mental Hygiene Movement

Answer 23

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Question 24

Moral Therapy

Answer 24

Psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

Question 25

Neurosis

Answer 25

Obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause. Plural is neuroses.

Question 26

Object Relations

Answer 26

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Question 27

Person-centered therapy

Answer 27

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Question 28

Phobia

Answer 28

Psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Question 29

Presenting Problem

Answer 29

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Question 30

Prevalence

Answer 30

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).

Question 31

Prognosis

Answer 31

Predicted future development of a disorder over time.

Question 32

Psychoanalysis

Answer 32

Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

Question 33

Psychoanalyst

Answer 33

Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

Question 34

Psychoanalytic Model

Answer 34

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

Question 35

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 35

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Question 36

Psychopathology

Answer 36

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 37

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Answer 37

In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

Question 38

Psychosocial Treatment

Answer 38

Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

Question 39

Reinforcement

Answer 39

In operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

Question 40

Scientist Practitioners

Answer 40

Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.

Question 41

Self-actualizing

Answer 41

Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Question 42

Shaping

Answer 42

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

Question 43

Superego

Answer 43

In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.

Question 44

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 44

Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Question 45

Transference

Answer 45

Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Question 46

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 46

Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Question 47

Unconscious

Answer 47

Part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.