CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
aimed at helping the population achieve better health thru their own hands.
Nursing as a profession
relies on an understanding the key towards genuine
development in investing on health and healthcare of people regardless of age, gender, religion, and color.
Nursing as science
• -it is a shared, complex reality
• -is multidimensional, the well-being of an individual is determined by factors such as biological and behavioral characteristics, the physical and social environment.
• -is a fundamental right of every individual regardless of race, religion, political belief, economic and social condition.
HEALTH (in nursing science)
“ a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (1958)
HEALTH (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION)
means relating to living together in organized groups or similar close aggregates (American Heritage College Dictionary, 1997, p.1291)
Social
Refers to units of people in communities who interact with one another
Social
connotes community vitality and is a result of positive interaction among groups within the community, with an emphasis on health promotion and illness prevention.
Social health
“ ___ is the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. ____ is therefore, seen as a source for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities” (1986).
Health
Health as a human right is grounded in:
1.
2.
3.
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (United Nations, CESCR)
- Article II Section 11 and 15 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
it did set that fundamental human rights be universally protected.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is proclaimed by the ____ in ____ on _____.
United Nations (UN) General Assembly in Paris on Dec. 1948
______ declares: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services” (United Nations, UDHR, 1948)
Article 25.1
“Health is a fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights. Every human being is entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health conducive to living a life in dignity. The realization of the right to health may be pursued through numerous, complementary approaches, such as the formulation of health policies, or the implementation of health programmes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), or the adoption of specific legal instruments” (United Nations, CESCR, 2000)
Article 12
According to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (United Nations, CESCR, 2000) the right to health consist of interconnected and indispensable components:
- Availability
- Accessibility
- Acceptability
- Quality
requires that operational public health and channels of service delivery, products and services as well as programs be adequate for all.
Availability
entails that health facilities, services and goods must be made possible and obtainable to everyone. Being non- discriminatory, physically accessible, economically accessible (affordable) and information accessible are the four intersecting features of accessibility.
Accessibility
corresponds to respect for the medical ethics, being culturally appropriate and gender sensitive. This clearly define the need for health care centers, products services and programs to be people-centered, able to accommodate the specific needs of diverse population groups and adheres to the international standards of medical ethics for informed consent and confidentiality.
Acceptability
implies that the health facilities, commodities and services must be in accordance with specific and medical standards. Quality health services need to be safe, effective, people-centered, timely, equitable, integrated and efficient.
Quality
-at the National Level, affirms health as a fundamental human right and recognizes the obligation of the state to protect and promote the right to health of all Filipinos ( Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette, 1987)
Article II Section 11 and 15 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
Leads the health sector towards assuring quality health care in promoting and protecting the health of all Filipinos.
Department of Health (DOH)
Guides the nurses in understanding health as a concept.
MODELS OF HEALTH
5 MODELS OF HEALTH
• 1. Clinical Model
• 2. Role Performance Model
• 3. Adaptive Model
• 4. Eudaimonistic Model
• 5.Wellness-illnessContinuum
Health is a dynamic state. An individual is considered to be healthy if he/she was able to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological. Illness exist when the person failed to cope or become maladaptive to these changes.
Adaptive Model
• An elevated (exuberant) level of wellness or well-being. Illness is reflectedby a lack of vitality.
• Derived from Greek terminology, this term indicates a model that embodies the interaction and inter-relationships among the physical, social, psychological and spiritual aspects of life and the environment.
• Illness is indicated by a denervation or languishing, a wasting away, or lack of involvement with life.
Eudaimonistic Model
A dichotomous depiction of the relationship between the concepts of health and illness.
Wellness-illnessContinuum
Movement from the center to the left demonstrates movement toward ___
health
movement from the center to the right demonstrates movement toward _____
illness
Moving above the line demonstrates movement toward ____ wellness.
increasing
Moving below the line demonstrates movement toward _____ wellness.
decreasing
The concept demonstrates that a person can have a terminal disease and be emotionally prepared for death, while acting as a support for other people and achieving high-level wellness.
HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUUM
______ involves progression towards a higher level of functioning, an open-ended and ever-expanding future with its challenge of fuller potential, and the integration of the whole being.
High- level wellness
5 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
• 1. Biology
• 2. Behaviors
• 3. Social Environment
• 4. Physical Environment
• 5. Policies and Interventions
• The individual’s genetic make up, family history, and any physical andmental health problems developed in the course of life.
Biology
The individual’s responses to internal stimuli and external conditions.
Behaviors
• Includes interactions and relationships with family, friends, coworkers, and
others in the community.
• Has a great impact on the health of individuals, groups, and communities.
• Complex in nature because of differing cultures and practices.
Social Environment
• Pertains to an environment that is experienced by the senses-what issmelled, seen, touched, heard, and tasted.
Physical Environment
• Can have a profound effect on the health of
individuals, groups, and communities.
Policies and Interventions
________ must work with policy makers and community leaders to identify patterns of disease and death and to advocate for activities and policies that promote health at the individual, family, aggregate, and population levels.
Public Health Nurses
“ conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age; might also be circumstantial elements as such housing, work conditions and access to recreational activities; circumstances that influence how an individual will develop sickness, what risk factor they are exposed to, how they access services; and is shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels” (CSDH, 2008)
Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
SHD may also include:
• occupation,
• circumstances affecting the way in which people work,
• Income,
• Culture,
• Religion,
• Education,
• Racial, and
• Gender discrimination
At present, public health sector is particularly working on the _____(Schrammer & Ramon, 2018)
social determinants of health
In order to improve health equity, WHO advocated for ______; thus, leading to a multisectoral approach to health
intersectoral actions
Aside from the health sector, other essential sectors in the society such as the______, _______, __________, _______, ________and ________were made involved ( CSDH, 2008)
government, civil society, local communities, business, global assemblies and international agencies
Health is the absence of signs and symptoms of disease and illness.
Clinical Model
The ability to perform societal roles defines what health is, failure to perform these roles means illness.
Role Performance Model
