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chem-109 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards
1
Q

Atoms

A

Submicroscopic particals that constitue the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

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2
Q

Molecules

A

specific geometrical arrangements of atoms

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3
Q

Chemistry

A

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative interpretation or explanation of observations. A good one is falsifiable

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5
Q

experiments

A

highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations that may confirm or refute a hypothesis

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6
Q

Scientific Law

A

Brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones

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7
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destoryed

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8
Q

Theory

A

One or more well-established hypotheses may for the basis for a theory. A model for the way nature is and tries to explain not only what nature does but why.

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9
Q

Atomic Theory

A

Proposed by John Dalton

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10
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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11
Q

substance

A

a specific instance of matter. ex. air, water, sand

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12
Q

state

A

A way of classifying matter by its physical form

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13
Q

Composition

A

the basic components that make it up

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14
Q

Three different states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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15
Q

Solid matter atoms or molecules…

A

pack close to each other in fixed locations. Fixed volume and shape.

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16
Q

crystalline solid matter

A

atoms or molecules are arranged in patters with a long, repeating range and order. ex. salt

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17
Q

Amorphous solid matter

A

atoms or molecules do no have any long range order. ex glass or plastic

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18
Q

Liquid matter

A

atoms or molecules pack about as closely as they do in solid matter, but they are free to move relative to eachother. Fixed volume, not shape

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19
Q

Gaseous Matter

A

atoms or molecules have alot of space between them and are free to move relative to one another, making them compressible. No fixed volume or shape

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20
Q

Pure Substance

A

Made up of only one component and its composition is invariant

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21
Q

Mixture

A

Composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to the other

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22
Q

Types of pure substances

A

Elements and compounds

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23
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances

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24
Q

Compound

A

a substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed, definite proportion

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25
Q

Types of mixtures

A

heterogeneous and homogeneous

26
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

the composition varies from one region of the mixture to another

27
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

same composition throughout

28
Q

Separating mixtures

A

decanting, distillation, filtration

29
Q

Decanting

A

carefully pouring off the the liquid into another container. Heterogeneous mixtures

30
Q

Distillation

A

Process in which the mixture is heated to boil of te more volatile liquid. Homogeneous

31
Q

volatility

A

ease of vaporization

32
Q

Filtration

A

the mixture is poured through a filter paper in a funnel. Heterogeneous

33
Q

Physical changes

A

changes that alter only stat or appearance but not composition. ex. boiling water changes from liquid to gas

34
Q

Chemical change

A

atoms rearrange, transforming the original substances into differant substances. ex. rusting iron

35
Q

Physical property

A

substance displays without changing is composition

36
Q

chemical property

A

substance displays only by changing its composition via chemical change

37
Q

Energy is

A

the capacity to do work

38
Q

Work is

A

as the action of a force through a distance

39
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

40
Q

potential energy

A

energy associated with its position or composition

41
Q

thermal energy

A

energy associated with the temperature of an object

42
Q

law of conservatoin of energy

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changes form

43
Q

Units

A

standard quantities used to specify measurements

44
Q

Kelven to Celsius

A

K = C + 273.15

45
Q

Celsius to fahrenheit

A

C = (F - 32) / 1.8

46
Q

Prefix multipliers

A

Change the value of units by powers of 10

47
Q

derived unit

A

combination of other units. ex. miles/hour

48
Q

volume

A

a measure of space

49
Q

1 milliliter =

A

1 cm^3

50
Q

density

A

the ration of its mass to its volume

51
Q

density formula

A

d = m / v

52
Q

intensive property

A

independent of the amount of substance

53
Q

extensive property

A

dependent on the amout of the substance

54
Q

significant figures (significant digits)

A

non place holding digits

55
Q

exact numbers

A

have no uncertainty and do not limit the number of significant figures in a calculation

56
Q

Accuracy

A

how close the measured value is to the actual value

57
Q

precision

A

how close a series of measurements are to one another, and how reproducible they are.

58
Q

random error

A

error that has equal probability of being to high or too low. Enough trials should even it out.

59
Q

systematic error

A

error that tends toward being either too high or too low. Will not even itself out

60
Q

dimensional analysis

A

Using units as a guide to solving problems

61
Q

conversion factor

A

fractional quantity with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top.

chem-109 (12 decks)

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