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Psych 1030H Test 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation.

A

Empirical Approach

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2
Q

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, and assesses conclusions.

A

Critical Thinking

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3
Q

An early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

An early school of though promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

A

Functionalism

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5
Q

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2). Associated with John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

A

Behaviorism

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6
Q

An idea which emphasized the ways out unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.

A

Freudian (Psychoanalytic) Psychology

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7
Q

A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential. Focused on human needs for love and acceptance and the environments that nurture or limit personal growth.

A

Humanistic Psychology

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8
Q

The study of the mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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9
Q

A combination of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, that studies the brain activity underlying mental activity.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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10
Q

The science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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11
Q

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

A

Nature-nurture Issue

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12
Q

The principle that the inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passes on to subsequent generations.

A

Natural Selection

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13
Q

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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14
Q

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

A

Behavior Genetics

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15
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a groups of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

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16
Q

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

A

Positive Psychology

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17
Q

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of analysis.

A

Biopsychosocial Approach

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18
Q

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

A

Basic Research

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19
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

A

Applied Research

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20
Q

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieving greater well-being.

A

Counseling Psychologists

21
Q

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

A

Clinical Psychologists

22
Q

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

A

Psychiatrists

23
Q

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

A

Community Psychologists

24
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight Bias

25
Q

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy.

A

Peer-Reviewers

26
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

A

Theory

27
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

28
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study, what words mean in the context of the study

A

Operational Definition

29
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

A

Replicate

30
Q

Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses.

A

Preregistration

31
Q

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

A

Meta-analysis

32
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

A

Case Study

33
Q

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

A

Naturalistic Observation

34
Q

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

A

Survey

35
Q

A sample the fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

A

Random Sample

36
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn.

A

Population

37
Q

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

A

Correlation

38
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

A

Correlation Coefficient

39
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

A

Experiment

40
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental Group

41
Q

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

A

Control Group

42
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

A

Random Assignment

43
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

A

Double-Blind Procedure

44
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect of behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

A

Placebo Effect

45
Q

In an experiment, the factor that is being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

A

Independent Variable

46
Q

In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results.

A

Confounding Variable

47
Q

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

A

Dependent Variable

48
Q

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

A

Informed Consent

49
Q

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

A

Debrief

Psych 1030H Test 1 (6 decks)

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