CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Personality
What is personality?
Relatively permanent traits and unique charactericts that give both consistency to a person’s behavior
Traits + characteristics = behavior
What is origin name of personality?
Persona means theatrical mask worn by roman actors in greek dramas
Difference of traits and characteristics
Traits - enduring dispositions in any given circumstances, it changes a person.
Characteristics - unique qualities like temperaments, physique and intelligence
What is theory?
A set of assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to make hypothesis.
What is theory?
A set of assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to make hypothesis.
Explain the theory into 4 components
- It cannot fill all the requirement of a theory
- It neither generate a hypothesis
- Components are not proven facts in the sense of validity
- A logical deductive reasoning makes hypothesis
What is philosophy?
It is a love of wisdom
Differentiate philosophers from scientists
Philosophers rely on the wisdom from the natural experiences.
Scientist uses research and hypothesis based.
What is epistemology?
nature of knowledge
Do theories deals with “oughts and shoulds?”
Nope, only philosophy
What is the relationship of science and theory?
Science is a branch of knowledge concerned with observation and classification of data. Theory is a tool used to give meaning and organize the observations
What are the two essential cornerstones of theory building?
- Speculation
2. Empirical Observation
What is hypothesis?
Educated guess or statement
Deductive reasoning versus Inductive reasoning
Deductive means general
Inductive means simple
What is taxonomy?
It is a classification of things based on natural relationships
What are the five major theoretrical perspective?
- Psychodynamic theories
- Humanistic - existentialist theories
- Traits - dispositional theories
- Biological - Evolutionary theories
- Learning (social) cognitive theories
Give the 7 famous theorists of psychodynamics
Freud Adler Jung Klein Fromm Horney Erikson
Give the 2 famous theoriests of Humanistic
Maslow
Rogers
Give the 1 famous theoriest of Existential
May
Give the 3 famous theoriests of Dispositional
Allport and McCrae and Costa
Give the 2 famous theoriests of Biological - Evolutionary
Eysenk and Buss
Give the 5 famous theoriests of LSC
Skinner, Bandura, Rotter, Mischel and Kelly
Who is known for his unconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
Who is known for his early collections?
Adler
Who is known for his collective collections?
Jung
Who is known for his archetypes?
Klein
Who is known for his object-relations?
Horney
Who is known for his identity crisis?
Erikson
Who is known for his relatedness?
Fromm
Who is known for his meaningful life, psychological well-being and growth?
Maslow
Rogers
Who is known for his search for meaning?
May
Who is known for his traits and motives?
Allport
Who is known for five trait personality?
McCrae and Costa
Who is known for his brain structures, neurochemical and genes?
Eysenck
Who is known for his adaptive mechanism?
Buss
Who is known for his conditioned responses and observational learning?
Skinner
Who is known for his modeling and self-efficacy?
Bandura
Who is known for his cognitive-affective units?
Rotter and Mischel
What are the three quantitative side of theories in psychology?
Behaviorists, Social learning Theorists, Trait theorists
What are the three qualitative side of theories in psychology?
Psychodynamic, humanists and existentialists
What are the six criteria for a useful theory?
- generates research
- falsifiable
- organizes data
- guides action
- internally consistent
- parsimonous
What are the two kinds of research?
Descriptive research and hypothesis testing
Explain descriptive research and hypothesis testing
descriptive research expands the research and provide building blocks.
hypothesis indirect verification of the hypothesiss
Explain why useful theory generates research
It can be a source of a new research
Explain why useful theory is falsifiable
It confirmed or disconfirmed.
It must be precise enough to support or fail the major tenents.
Explain why useful theory organizes data
It removed incompatible data
Give meaning to data
Explain why useful theory guides action
It help the research to solve day to day problem.
If-then statement
Explain why useful theory is internally consistent
Terms are operationally defined
Explain why useful theory is parsimonous
The law of parsimony states that if two theories are the same, used the theory that is simpler.
What are the six dimensions for a concept of humanity?
Explain each.
- Determinism vs. Free Choice
- Optimism vs. Pessism
- Causality vs. Teololgy
- Unconscious vs. Conscious mind
- biological vs. social influences
- uniqueness vs. similarities
Reliability vs. Validity
Reliability used measuring instruments with consistent result
Validity used to measure what is it supposed to measure
What are the two types of Validity?
Explain each.
Construct validity and predictive validity
Construct validity measures behavior using the hypothetical construct
Predictive validity measures future behaviors
Differentiate the three types of construct validity
Convergent, Divergent and Discriminant Validity
- Convergent Validity - High correlation is expected that measures the same construct
- Divergent - Low scores on the inventories that do not measure that construct
- Discriminant - discriminate the 2 groups that is different from each other
What is causality and Teleology?
Causality means past experience
Teology means future goals
